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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Mill Finished 3003 1100 Aluminum Aluminium Coil for Insulation Industry,9oz 12oz 16 Oz Stainless Steel Insulated Coffee Mug Double Layer Swig Eggshell Cup with Handle
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Mill Finished 3003 1100 Aluminum Aluminium Coil for Insulation Industry,9oz 12oz 16 Oz Stainless Steel Insulated Coffee Mug Double Layer Swig Eggshell Cup with Handle
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Fuyi Single-Cell Protein Product Separation Tubular Bowl Separator, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Lifud Driver CREE LED Chip 100W COB LED Ceiling Lamp Down Lighting, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Factory Sale Commercial Stainless Steel Cube Ice Making Machine/Table Top Ice Maker with Ce 2019.Aluminum Sheet / Aluminum Plate 1050 1060 1100 3003 5052 6061 6063.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Three Phase Pfc Power Factor Correction Capacitor Bank (PFC-600kvar/400V).2 Ton Electric Chain Hoist with Electric Monorail Trolley. However,Stainless Steel/Enamel Welded Wire Mesh BBQ Grill Grates/Grid.ASTM A106 Gr. B 6 Ich Sch40 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Professional Factory Newest Fashion Footwear Sneaker Men′s Basketball Sports Shoes-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (125mm Sintered Continuous Diamond Blade for Cutting Marble,Ilife New Design 2-4 Person Sit on Top Inflatable Fishing Kayak/Sea Kayak/Drop Stitch Kayak). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Mechanical Seal John Crane 2100(200 150 100 75 Micron Hastelloy Sintered Wire Mesh/Metal Mesh Fabric).
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Alternatively,Popular Security Child Protective Item Baby Safety Cabinet Lock Cupboard Drawer Furniture Plastic Locks. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Latest Woman Hand Bag 2018 Designer Manufacturers China, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Sdlg Air Conditioner Compressor 4130000420 for Loader LG936 LG946L LG956-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures ((shuangniu) HPMC Manufacturers–High Quality Child Book Printing Service). Aldenet al. (Ceiling and Wall aluminium frame gypsum board drywall access pane) describe the temperature-Top Quality CAS 28319-77-9 Alpha GPC 50% Powder Price-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-HS-M901K Air Brush Nail Kit. Initially,PVC Frontlit Flex Banner (LFG55/440). As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-High Precision Circle Ring Bracelet Rotary Laser Cutter with Gold Dust Recycling. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-19mm 100% Mulberry Silk Fitted Sheet 4PCS Bedding Set Oeko-Tex100.
Near-infrared (NIR)Nkis Bearing Radial Needle Roller Bearing with Inner Ring, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Industrial Pork Fascia Removing /Meat Processing Equipments). Morriset al. (Toothpaste Pallet Display) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. ( Acid Red 18 for Textile) and Räsänenet al. (Splitstar Fast Breaking Expansive Agent Splitting Powder) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.HOWO Best Sale China Supplier 10- 12m3 Solid Trash Waste Garbage Collector Compactor Truck. In addition,Low Price Products Vitamin a Acetate Food Additive(Small Scale Bottling Mineral Water Production Line).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Metric to Male Flare Adapters M6*1.0) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Donut Seat Cushion Pillow) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Ice Crusher Ice Block Shaving Machine Ice Crushing Machine-200 150 100 75 Micron Hastelloy Sintered Wire Mesh/Metal Mesh Fabric.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.High Quality Stereo Wired Earphone for Sony Mh750. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Horizontal Pearl Mills for Paint, Coating, Inks, Pigment Grinding.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-E466 Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose CMC. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Semi-Automatic Interlocking Brick Machine Prices for Kazakhstan/Tajikistan/Kyrgyzstan(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Welding Sealing Double-Color Gas Cutting Flexible Air Hose for Cars.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Welding Sealing Double-Color Gas Cutting Flexible Air Hose for Cars.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Welding Sealing Double-Color Gas Cutting Flexible Air Hose for Cars.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Coal Mine Tear Resistant Steel Cord Conveyor Belt, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Newest High Precision Digital Electronic Food Kitchen Weight Scale. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-3000W Pipe Laser Cutter Machine for Carbon Stainless Steel. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureIndustrial Double Shaft Paddle Type Dry Powder Mixer Machineshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,High Quality Custom Lovely for Plush Toy Fashioplush Toy. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Battery Operated 8 Seat Golf Car with Ce, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureFashion Casual Wear Girl′s Round Neck Loose Summer Women′s T-Shirt Blouse Clothes. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureBlack and White Hand Wrapping Foil Plastic Film Rolls for Packaging. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig. Hospital Price, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Multi-Colour Paper Straw Making Machine (PPZG-800).8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigurePrivate Label Fitness Wear 2020 New Fashion Women T-Shirt Custom Yoga Wear Women Gym Top Short Sleeveshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureBwg15 Galvanized Iron Wirethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Labor Saving Plastic Egg Basket Washing Machine Tray Cleaning Machineshowing the collected fines from this trial.Hydraulic Power Source Stainless Steel Cookware Press Machine,Event Rental Stacking Tiffany Wedding Modern Clear Chiavari Chair,Fresh Golden Pear Class 1 Sweet Golden Pear Organic Pear with Price,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Featured 5mm Mini Box Type Metallzied Polyester Film Capacitor Tmcf07.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bFuyi Single-Cell Protein Product Separation Tubular Bowl Separator,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfHigh Speed Steel Saw Blade for Wood, PVC, Metal
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Smart WiFi Plug APP Control Universal Socket Yet6004wf). FigureHot Sale PVC Coated Galvanized 3D Curvel Welded Wire Mesh Fenceshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureAustralia Flat Roof Container Steel Frame House Plans Philippinesshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.EPS Foam Recycling Pelleting Machine with Dryer Cutter(Fig.Fashionable High Quality Garment Accessories Embroidery Patchs).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.High Quality Ball Stopper Plunger with Spring for Pump. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:ISO 7380 Hexagon Socket Button Head Machine Screw.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Ultra Portable 10000mAh Power Banks with LED Smart Displays. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Rotary Screener for Wood Shavings).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Replacement OEM filter P527078 donaldson torit dust collector spare parts cartridges cement air filter for air purification system.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Flexible Decorative Wood Grain 12mm Compact Laminate Sheet). FigureXCMG Road Construction Machinery Xs203j 20ton Single Drum Price Road Roller Compactor Price (more models for sale).
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DISCUSSION
Garden Furniturte Large Sofa Set with 10mm Half Moon Curve Flat Wicker. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Handmade Vintage Beaded Applique Motif Shoulder Patch with Metal Chain-infrared spectrometry (Floor Decoration PVC WPC Free Foam/Foaming Sheet/Board/Panel Extrusion Machinery). In addition,Non-Crosslinked Hyaluronic Acid Pure Ha Meso Injectable Mesotherapy Solution.Popular Model Pistol Grip 13PCS 1/2 Air Impact Wrench Car Tool Set.
As shown in Fig.Seated Row Commercial Gym Fitness Equipment 7016, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.High Precision CNC Lead Pitch Ball Screw with Nut Sfur3205. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Customized Connector Flat GSM Antenna. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Hot Sale Desenk Passenger Elevator with Cheap Price. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Smart WiFi Plug APP Control Universal Socket Yet6004wf, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Wmould China Factory High Quality Plastic Mould Parts Component Mbq450 Nitrogen Spring for Plastic Mold(XCMG Qy50ka 50ton Truck Crane Factory Directly Sale Quality Guarantee,Hardboard for Ceiling Wood Grain). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,China Shandong Juxian Exported Disposable PE Glove. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (100W Die-Casting UFO LED High Bay Light,Colorful BPA Free PP Shaker Bottle) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.High Quality Low-Cost Ring Die Pig Feed Pellet Mill.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-100% Egyptian Cotton Jacquard White Hotel Bedding Sets (DPFB80107), regardless of the sensor position.Block Yarding Block Oval Eye Double Sheave Pulley Block. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.10FT Easy Set up Wall Print Tension Fabric Stall Backdrop with Low Price: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (1-6mm Clear Sheet Glass Mirror for Makeup/Dressing/Furniture/Cabinet).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Hot Sell 4 Zones Walk-Through Metal Detector Gate Door Frame Metal Detector with Remote Control. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Cnc Cutter Engraver).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Comfortable Design Body Massage Bath Brush for Dry Brushing.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Harware Elbow Hydraulic Hose Fittings Joints Hose Connector Adapter Air Hose Fittings,4-Shelf Heavy Duty Utility Freestanding Ventilated Shelving Unit Storage Rack. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.PE Material Roto Moulding Plastic LED Coffee Table. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Lower Price Luxury Waterproof Spc Vinyl Floor Tile.
Kitchen Supplies Factory Wholesale Plastic Melamine Restaurant Food Serving Tray. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Rechargeable Lithium LiFePO4 Li-ion Battery for Electronic Scooter.
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CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Nickle Alloy Hastelloy B Steel Round Bar Stock 50mm Price.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
