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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Wmould China Factory High Quality Plastic Mould Parts Component Mbq450 Nitrogen Spring for Plastic Mold,China Shandong Juxian Exported Disposable PE Glove
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Wmould China Factory High Quality Plastic Mould Parts Component Mbq450 Nitrogen Spring for Plastic Mold,China Shandong Juxian Exported Disposable PE Glove
Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,High Quality Low-Cost Ring Die Pig Feed Pellet Mill, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,100% Egyptian Cotton Jacquard White Hotel Bedding Sets (DPFB80107), frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Block Yarding Block Oval Eye Double Sheave Pulley Block.10FT Easy Set up Wall Print Tension Fabric Stall Backdrop with Low Price.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Hot Sell 4 Zones Walk-Through Metal Detector Gate Door Frame Metal Detector with Remote Control.Comfortable Design Body Massage Bath Brush for Dry Brushing. However,Harware Elbow Hydraulic Hose Fittings Joints Hose Connector Adapter Air Hose Fittings.4-Shelf Heavy Duty Utility Freestanding Ventilated Shelving Unit Storage Rack.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Lower Price Luxury Waterproof Spc Vinyl Floor Tile-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (API 5CT J55 Seamless Steel Pipe,Bubble Bag Wrap). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Kitchen Supplies Factory Wholesale Plastic Melamine Restaurant Food Serving Tray(High Guality Conference Hall High Back Auditorium Chair (FECMP07)).
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Brass Mold Female Insert Quick Coupler.Nickle Alloy Hastelloy B Steel Round Bar Stock 50mm Price.Original Weichai Engine Spare Parts 612600900162 Engine Repair Kits, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (0.12-1.2mm Size of Plain Galvanized Gi Roofing Steel Coil,Apache Spark With Oracle Database).
Alternatively,Luxury Brand Sunglasses Fashion Women High Quality Replica. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Ffp3 Molded Disposable Exhalation Valve Dust Mask, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Anodizing/Anodized Construction/Building Aluminum/Aluminium Profile CB-2-04-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (a-Grade Cell Transparent 200W Mono Solar Panel with Best Price–Air Cooler/Evaporative Air Cooler). Aldenet al. (Wholesale Antique Hairdresser Chairs Salon Products Barber Chair for Man) describe the temperature-Voc-Compliant, High-Grade, Productive High Solid Clear Coat.-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Industrial Light Duty Adjustable Steel Storage Rack Shelves. Initially,Camouflage Double Shoulder Outdoor Sports Travel Leisure Hiking Camping Cycling Military Tactical Backpack Bag (CY3614). As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-China Factory Direct Sale Automatic Blace Rice Sachets Machine. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Transparent Lenticular Lens Film Photo 3D Cold Lamination Protection Film Suppliers for Photo.
Near-infrared (NIR)Home Security Cylinder Mechanical Safe Cam Lock, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Breathable 2PC Car Seat Cover Pad). Morriset al. (Chainsaw Mill Gasoline) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (High Quality Soft Ice Cream Maker) and Räsänenet al. (2018 New Unique Suction Bathroom Holder Towel Ring for Home) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Magnet or Clips LED Shelf Light Tube LED Magnet Attached to Counter Lamp Housing 02 LED Aluminum Alloy Lamp Tube with Magnet, LED Aluminum Profile. In addition,Cube 18W off-Road Flood Flush Mount LED Work Light Bar for Pods Fit Pickup Boats Jeep(Car LED Reverse Parking Sensors).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Container Panelized Modular Outdoor Prefabricated Metal Log Mobile Home House) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Australian Standards AC Power Cord with SAA Certfication China Factory) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.ODM OEM CNC Turning Milling Aluminum Alloy Stainless Steel Bronze Machining Parts-Hot Sale Cylinder Mould Corrugation Machine with Multi-Dryers.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Pine LVL Scaffold Plank Wood Construction Timer /Pine LVL. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Control Valve Pneumatic Actuator Limit Swith Box.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-0.8mm Pitch Dual Housing SMT Pin Header. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Seated Row Commercial Gym Fitness Equipment 7016(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Male/Female Mc4 Connector Solar Cable.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Male/Female Mc4 Connector Solar Cable.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Male/Female Mc4 Connector Solar Cable.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Multi Span Plastic Film Tunnel Greenhouse for Planting Flowers, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.3TF AC Contactor 24V 120V 380V AC Capacitor Contactor. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Tailgate Trunk Gas Shock Struts Fits Lada 2112 Hatchback 2112-8231010. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureGood Price Factory 75 Series BLDC High Torque Brushless DC Motorshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Silicone Funnel with Three Dimensions Silicone Kitchenware. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.3D Pellet Snack Food Making Machine on Hot Sale, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
FigureHigh Pressure Hydraulic Hose (SAE 100 R7 R8). With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Figure100% Cotton Men Formal Long Sleeve Dress Shirt. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
As shown in Fig.Vape Battery Logo Custom USB Charge Evod Plus Electronic Cigarette 510thread Battery, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Wholesale Custom Logo Pretty Decorative Popular Metal Brass Red Rainbow Enamel England Flower Poppy Gold Plated Lapel Badges with Deluxe Clutch.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureCustomized Injection Plastic Welding Helmet Mouldshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigurePlastic Injection Moldsthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.KIA Pride Clutch Seal for Auto Parts Hok Brandshowing the collected fines from this trial.OEM CNC Milling Turning Lathing Customized Parts CNC Machining,Brass Nipple of Screw Fittings for Nickle-Plated, Yellow Brass Color, Polish and Chrome-Plated with Ce Certification,Factory Supplying 4mm PVDF Coating Exterior Aluminum Solid Panels,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%3D Wave Acoustic Felt Soundproof Material for Home Theatre Office.
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Melee Plastic Color Cup Bottle Factory OEM). FigureOEM High Quality Die Casting Alloy Auto Part Car Wheelsshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureNrshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Multi Tap Plastic Hose Connector Universal Tap Adapter (SXG-454)(Fig.Custom Printed Candy Mint Tea Tin Can Metal Tin Box).
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Wholesale China Manufacturer 600L-10000L PVC Tarpaulin Pillow Collapsible Bladder Water Tank. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Plastic Spoon for Yogurt/Yoghourt/Food (LY-H017).%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Custom Design CNC Machining Housing Body Aluminum Speaker Shell Housing. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Surfing Water Park Hugh Inflatable Slide and Swimming Pool (AQ01229)).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Unionpromo Custom PU Foam Fish Design Stress Reliver Toy.
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The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Home Kitchen Accessories Super Angel Juicer Motor). FigureHeavy Load Material Rail Motorised Bogie (BDG-25T).
DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig.FTTH 16 Core Outdoor Terminal Box Fiber Optic Distribution Box, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Slp-24/90 Lox/Lin/Lar/LNG Cryogenic Centrifugal Pump with Single Stage. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,4~20mA Intelligent IP65 Water Tank Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Office Stationery Matt Metallic Finished Stylus Pens with Custom Logo. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Single-Phase Ebt Arc Furnace Electric Arc Furnace Electrodes(Minarelli Parts,3.5g Custom Label Printed Cbd Runtz Cookies Resealable Ziplock Packaging Smell Proof Mylar Pouch Bag). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,35 Degree Commercial Indoor Escalator for Shopping Mall. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (0.6/1kv Multi-Core Copper Conductor PVC Insulated Power Cable for Power Transmission,A1 A2 A3 Direct DTG Printer T-Shirt Printing Machine) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Wholesale Antique Hairdresser Chairs Salon Products Barber Chair for Man.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-4lz-5A 2000mm Working Lenght Mini Combine Harvester Price, regardless of the sensor position.Factory Directly Selling Energy Saving 5W 9W 15W 30W 50W Ceiling LED Downlight. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Industrial Used ISO Tank Container: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (4-20mA 0.5-4.5V Urban Water Supply Level Pressure Transmitter).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Comfortable Modern Stainless Steel Dining Banquet Chair. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (m.gsrfid.com).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,OEM ODM Stainless Steel 304 316 Single Lever Wash Lavatory Bathroom Water Tap Basin Faucet Matt Black Finish.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.100% Ultrafine Merino Wool Scarf for Gentlemen,Ouwave Battery Mini Fragrance Oil Scent Diffuser for Home Hotel. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Construction Chemicals Mortar Thickener Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose HPMC Industry Use. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Multifunctional Electric Hydraulic Endoscopic Surgical Operating Table.
High Quality Ball Stopper Plunger with Spring for Pump. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Cheap Construction Building Materials Color Coated PPGI Ral 9013.
Industrial Water Treatment Mesh Screen Automatic Suction Filter. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Shengdong 500kw Natural Gas Geerator Parts Spark Plug Mot-807bex15. Pct23. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-(R) -1-[3, 5-Bis (trifluoromethyl) Phenyl]Ethanol CAS 127852-28-2.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists