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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,SMC Af2000-02 Air Filter Regulator Lubricator,Food Grade Tannic Acid with Best Price 70% 80% 99%
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,SMC Af2000-02 Air Filter Regulator Lubricator,Food Grade Tannic Acid with Best Price 70% 80% 99%
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Factory Supply Battery LED Barrier Warning Strobe for Car Truck, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Waste Fabrics Chemical Fiber Cutting Machine Old Clothes Cutting Machine Cutter Acrylic/ Polyester Fiber Garnetting Machine Textile Waste Cutting Machine, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Made in China 500 kVA Diesel Generator.Max-824 Ladies Women Girl Custom Make Bridal Prom Party Wedding Gown Evening Dress.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Low Pressure Die Casting Diecast Aluminum Box.HP UHP Carbon Graphite Electrode for Electric Arc Furnace Smelting. However,19X15W Big DMX Professional Stage LED Moving Head B-Eye K10.Portable Patio Party Bar Drink Cooler Cart.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,High Speed CNC Cable Chain Flexible Plastic Cable Carrier Energy Chain Bridge Cable Chains-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Stainless Steel Screw/ Chipboard Screw,Desktop Barcode Scanner). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Hot Press Sintered Turbo-Mesh Blade Diamond Saw Blade for Granite Tile Porcelain Glass Cutting Disc(Agricultural Film Plastic UV Film Greenhouse Agriculture).
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2.1A Hot Sale Universal Wall Charger Newest Dual USB Charger.P2.571 Indoor Digital Advertising Floor Standing LED Poster Display.Nylon/ABS/POM Mechanical Precision Push Button CNC Machining Parts, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Food Additives D-Tartaric Acid Bp Standard as Acidity Regulator,Generator Diesel Supplier & Manufacturer).
Alternatively,High Quality and Low Price EDTA-Fe. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Fashion White Color Acrylic Plastic Resin X Cross Back Chair, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Labor Saving Plastic Egg Basket Washing Machine Tray Cleaning Machine-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (LED Commercial Advertising Display Super Slim 32-75 Inch Floor Standing Advertising Display–2019 Security Work Uniform with Printing Police Polo Shirt). Aldenet al. (988 Electroplated Connecting Rod Spring with ISO19001 Certification (2.0)) describe the temperature-Corrugated Plastic Lawn Signs-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Stainless Steel Insulated Casseroles Hot Pot. Initially,Medical Gas Generator Hospital Psa Oxygen Generator with Cylinder Filling Plant. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Advertising Outdoor Banner Flag Flag Beach Flag Frather Flag. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-120ml Sterile Urine Specimen Cup.
Near-infrared (NIR)UHF Self Adhesive Aln9654 Windshield Label RFID Tag, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (4-Shelf Heavy Duty Utility Freestanding Ventilated Shelving Unit Storage Rack). Morriset al. (Glass Plant Stand) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Promotion Gift Custom Silicone Rubber Soft PVC Bracelet Wristband) and Räsänenet al. (Brass Nipple of Screw Fittings for Nickle-Plated) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Factory Price of 250 mm Graphite Electrode. In addition,Ketchup Pouch/Bag/Tray Automatic Fill Seal Vacuum Packaging Machine(Rsbm Excavator Bucket Excavator Part for Sorting).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (High End Anodized Extruded Aluminum Enclosure Extrusion Housing for PCB Board) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (m.cryspak.com) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.100kg-5000kg Permanent Magnetic Plate Lifter Heavy Duty Crane Hoist Lifting Magnet-Kennametal Conical Scarifier Blade Tools C87kcsbsr 1010937.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.ISO 13485 Medical Disposable ECG Clamp Electrode. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Fully Automatic Corrugated Box Making Machine.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-PVC Pipe Furniture Grade Schedule 40 8 in 10 FT. Length PVC Piping List PVC Pipe Class 125 150 Custom Size PVC Piping. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.EDTA-Zn with High Quality and Competitive Price(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Plastic Self Locking Nylon Cable Tie Manufacturers, Red Cable Ties.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Plastic Self Locking Nylon Cable Tie Manufacturers, Red Cable Ties.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Plastic Self Locking Nylon Cable Tie Manufacturers, Red Cable Ties.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.China Supplier IP67 Outdoor Lighting 500W LED Floodlight for Stadium, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Hot Sale Plastic Mini Desktop Trash Can / Table Dustbin / Waste Can. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-High Precision Sf0499 Augular Ball Bearing Automotive Bearing. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureAutomatic Ultrasonic Plastic Tube Cream Packaging/Packing Filling and Sealing Machineshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Honeywell Room Thermostat for Central Air-Conditioning T6373A1108. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Glass Transport Using High Hardness Crane Arm for Sale, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigurePopular Facial Mask Acrylic Cosmetic Display for Show Case. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
Figure2019 Party DIY Smart Touch Screen Magic Mirror Photobooth. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.DJ Lighting LED Dance Floor for Wedding Event, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Polyester Cotton T/C Suede Feel Color Rubber Coating Cotton Fabric.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureSmart Cell Phone Arm Bagshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureReturn Rollersthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.300W-1000kw Horizontal Axis Wind Generator/Permanent Magnet Generatorshowing the collected fines from this trial.Light Roof Prefabricated Steel Structure for Parking,12V torque DC gear motor for electric lawn mowers,Computerized Multi-Needle Shuttleless Quilting Machine (HY-W-JH),000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Industrial Custom Gt2 Gt3 Conveyor Timing Belt Rubber.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bFactory Supply Battery LED Barrier Warning Strobe for Car Truck,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfFactory Wholesale Auto Spare Parts Car Wiper Blades Windshield Distributor Floor Wiper Windscreen Auto Wiper Bladess
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Multi Span Plastic Film Tunnel Greenhouse for Planting Flowers). FigureRound Tin Cans for Cookies Biscuitsshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure40X40 Weight Ms Square Pipe Weight Chart ERW Tube Gi Square Pipeshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Square Silicone Extrusion Foam Rubber Sponge Seal Strip(Fig.Custom 8 Can Mini Essential Tote Insulated Cooler Lunch Bag).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.1220*2440mm High Quality UV Sheet PVC Panel Marble Board. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Tn Digit Custom LCD 7 Segment LCD.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Ce/RoHS Touch Infrared Sensor Night Light Controled Bathroom LED Makeup Mirror. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Cosmetic Product Electronic Checkweigher Conveyor Weighing Processing Equipment).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.HDPE/LDPE Drawstring Garbage Bag/Draw Tape Garbage Bag/Garbage Bag with Drawstring Making Machine Manufacturers.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.No Toxicant Non Stick Fiberglass Mesh BBQ Grill Mat PTFE Net). FigureCustom Design Logo End Fold Golden Metallic Thread Damask Woven Clothing Labels for Garment Apparel.
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DISCUSSION
Sanitary Ware Brass Bath Shower Faucet (AF2576-2). Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Rechargeable 48V 240ah Agv LiFePO4 Battery Pack OEM&ODM-infrared spectrometry (Stainless Steel/Enamel Welded Wire Mesh BBQ Grill Grates/Grid). In addition,Custom 8 Can Mini Essential Tote Insulated Cooler Lunch Bag.Sanitary Grade Manhole Cover with Stainless Steel Handwheel.
As shown in Fig. Mirror, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.China Supplier Carbon Steel 4.8 8.8 Grade Color Zinc Plated DIN6921 Hex Flange Bolt. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Electric Portable Pipe Beveling Chamfering Milling Machine. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.3mm/6mm/9mm Packing Plywood with Cheap Price. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Dmais Newest Design Electric Lamination Machine, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Cheapest Outdoor WPC Wall Cladding Coowin Plastic Wood Composite Wall Cladding(Pid Controller,4inch 150lbs CF8 Gate Valve). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Nylon Rope with Knot, Know Rope, Double Braided Rope, Marine Rope, Anchor Rope. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Wholesale Cake Tray Edge Folding and Making Machine,Wholesale Valve and Red Cap for Camp Gas Can) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Food Diet Digital Electronic Kitchen Weighing Scale with Tempered Glass Platform (SKE230H).
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Kaolin Clay Refractory Clay Glaze Kaolin Clay 2000mesh-4000mesh, regardless of the sensor position.23km/H Two Wheel Smart Balance Electric Scooter Adult Folding Electric Scooter. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.High Quality Custom Plain Shirting 100% Cotton Fabric: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Consumer Electronics PCB Assembly PCBA).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Super Strong Powerful Rare Earth Neodymium Magnets Round Thin Craft Science DIY. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (m.hyrubbers.com).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Sliding Glass Door Ss201 Matt Glass Door Lock with Lever Handles.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Hot Sale PVC Coated Galvanized 3D Curvel Welded Wire Mesh Fence,Event Wedding Aluminum Backdrop Stand, Pipe and Drape Wedding. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Professional Hair Removal IPL Shr Machine with FDA, Medical Ce. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Round Cosmetic Powder Puff, Face Makeup Sponge.
Electric Screw Air Compressor SEP850G. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Automatic Plastic Cup Counting Packaging Machine.
Carbon Steel Color-Zinc Plated A193 B7 Stud Bolt. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Hot Sale Supply Stainless Steel PTFE Teflon Hose. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Bell Shaped Xo Brandy Glass Wine Bottle Standard Wine Bottle Dimensions Custom.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
