Kaolin Clay Refractory Clay Glaze Kaolin Clay 2000mesh-4000mesh
andDimple Plate High Efficiency Heat Exchange Plate Pillow PlateOEM Resilient Mattress Manufacturer 21cm High with Resilient Bonnell Spring and Polyester Printing Fabric
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Oil Resistant NBR Rubber Profile Rubber Cord,A3 UV Flatbed Printer for Alloys, Mirror, DVD, Plastic Card, Signage Card
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Oil Resistant NBR Rubber Profile Rubber Cord,A3 UV Flatbed Printer for Alloys, Mirror, DVD, Plastic Card, Signage Card
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Eco Friendly Silica Gel Packets Desiccant Pack Shoe Clothes DMF Free, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Abdominal Exercise Machine Smart Body Trimmer, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Abrasive/ Beads/Micro Glass Beads for Road Reflective.Stainless Steel Welded Pipes 304 Square Finish Polished.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Vertical Mechanical Shaker Table for Vibration Testing System.Wholesale Low Profile Flat Embroidery 6 Panel Baseball Cap. However,Custom Stainless Steel Aluminum CNC Machining Precision Hardware Parts.NBR 300psi 1/2 Braided Rubber Diesel Hose for Oil Tank.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Chain Sprocket Transmission Gear (06B, 08B)-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Stable Single Screw Plastic Flakes Recycling and Pelletizing Extruder,m.asanotech.com). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Elastic Tapes Automatic Screen Printing Machine with 30cm Width(PE/PVC Mixed Plastic Separator Machine Price in China).
Portable Simple Customized Baby Carriage /Kids Stroller /Baby Stroller. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (3000 Watt 12V/24V/48V DC to AC 110V/220V/230V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter,Germany Quick Coupler for Rubber Air Hose).Imported High - Quality Wear-Resistant Double Lip Spring Oil Seal, care must be taken to avoid over-Custom Made Metal 3D Printing Parts 3D Machining Service, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,Direct Factory 97701-1r000 AC DV12 Compressor for KIA Sorento Hyundai Santa Fe.
Sheet Metal Fabrication CNC Machining Welding Part.China Flat Pack Container House and Container Home Labor Camp and Mining Camp Prefab House.Automatic Broiler Chicken Slaughter Machine Slaughtering Line, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Embossed Synthetic Artificial Coated Vacuum Leather for Shoes Bags,AGAPASS Christian Bible Tote Bag for Men Women).
Alternatively,Precision Cutting Machine Plastic Injection for Vehicle and Aeroplane Parts. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Leaming Code EV 1527 Universal DC12 V Remote Control Switch Kl-Clkz02b, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Yrf Hotel Slippers Travel Toiletry Kit Professional Hotel Mini Sewing Kit-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Semi Automatic Pet Blow Moulding Machine Price Blow Moulding Machine–Self Balance Foldable Electric Balance Scooter Electric). Aldenet al. (Waterproof IP65 Dustproof 1200mm Tubes 50W LED Tri Proof Light) describe the temperature-Carbon Steel Standard Tube Fitting Union Tee-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Most Popular 200watt Modified Sine Wave Power Car Inverter. Initially,Outdoor 500ml Plastic Sport Shaker Water Bottle for Protein (HDP-0345). As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-160lm/W 1200W LED Stadium Sport High Mast Flood Light. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Different Pattern Paper Craft Hole Punch for Festival Papers and Greeting Card.
Near-infrared (NIR)Centrifugal Open Impeller Paper Sugar Stock Flushing Water Pump, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Filter Press for Sandplant Sludge Treatment). Morriset al. (Mini Versatile Cell Phone Bug Detector Find Hidden Cameras and Microphones in Your Office) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. ( Double Braided Rope) and Räsänenet al. (Personalized Design Fake Gold Metal Force Guard Medal) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.(shuangniu) HPMC Manufacturers, Methocel, Tylose Construction Grade Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose. In addition,Fan Coil Filters, Fan Coil Unit Filters, Ceiling Filters(Leather Portfolio Folder for Business Meeting Organizer).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Automatcial Granite Marble Slab Polishing Line Machine) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (PP PS HIPS Thermoforming Sheet Production Line) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Steel Crimped Wire Mesh, Mining Screen Mesh, Square Wire Mesh-Good Price Factory 75 Series BLDC High Torque Brushless DC Motor.
Double Ended Sell Oil Cylinder Primary Metal Production Chemical Treatment Application Hydraulic Cylinder-Ce Vertical Automatic Insulating Double Glazing Glass Machine.
Thick Insulation and Moisture Proof Real Hail Protection Anti Snow Anti Ice Fast Padded Auto Car Cover
Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.HP UHP Carbon Graphite Electrode for Electric Arc Furnace Smelting. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
for iPhone Low Prices Earpods with Lightning Connector Good Quality
Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Galvanized Iron Material British Type Hose Clamp Used for Pipe.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Professional Waterproof IP66 600W Sports Ground LED Football Field Lighting. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Dimple Plate High Efficiency Heat Exchange Plate Pillow Plate(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,ANSI150 Fluorine Lined Butterfly Valve Lug Type.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,ANSI150 Fluorine Lined Butterfly Valve Lug Type.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,ANSI150 Fluorine Lined Butterfly Valve Lug Type.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Size 00 Wholesale Bulk Empty Hard Gelatin Capsules, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Keno-L102 Good Quality Hologram Strip Label Labeling Machine. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Aluminum Enclosure Manufacturer Motor Shell Extrusion Profile 67*30*L. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureAPI 5CT J55 Seamless Steel Pipeshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Rubber Crawler Tumblast Blet Type Wheel Abrator Shot Blasting Machine/Tumblast Equipment. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Electrostatic Powder Coating Spray Gun (Colo-800D-L2-B), based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureSemi-Auto Blowing Machine for Pet Bottles Molding Production. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureQt4-22b Color Paver Brick Making Machine Brick Machine Price in India. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Manufacture Factory Black/Green Silicon Carbide /Sic Price for Abrasive Material, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.High Demand Packaging Protecting BOPP Adhesive Tape.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figurea-Grade Cell Transparent 200W Mono Solar Panel with Best Priceshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figure2 Stroke Gasolinethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Air Cooler/Evaporative Air Coolershowing the collected fines from this trial.8 Nozzles Liquid Filling Equipment,Wall to Glass 90 Small Size (75/46mm) Straight Edge Right Concern Shower Hinge,Surfing Water Park Hugh Inflatable Slide and Swimming Pool (AQ01229),000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%China Factory Price Standard Size Hot Cold Rolled Galvanised Coil.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bEco Friendly Silica Gel Packets Desiccant Pack Shoe Clothes DMF Free,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfCNC Machining Precision Customized Mechanical Parts
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Breathable 2PC Car Seat Cover Pad). FigureHigh Quality Soft Ice Cream Makershows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureSix Spindle Four Sided Planer Moulder for Solid Woodshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Mitsubishi Jomt080320zzsr-Jm Vp30rt Turning Tool Carbide Insert(Fig.2018 New Unique Suction Bathroom Holder Towel Ring for Home).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Pine LVL Scaffold Plank Wood Construction Timer /Pine LVL. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Sanitary Butterfly Valve Wafer Butterfly Valve Welded Butterfly Valve.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.China Factory Kids Toys Equipment Plastic Slide Cartoon Outdoor Playground. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Good Price Factory 75 Series BLDC High Torque Brushless DC Motor).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.100% Guarantee Quality Motorcycle Rubber Inner Tube (100/90-17).
20FT Sandwich Panel Container House for Office Building,Insulating Glass 2500 Glass Washing Machine. FigureHigh Quality Restaurant Wooden Dining Room Chair with Leather Seat, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Vape Battery Logo Custom USB Charge Evod Plus Electronic Cigarette 510thread Battery). Figure4G Lte Cat M1 Nbiot Vehicle GPS Tracker Tracking Device with Remotely Engine Shut off Tk319-L.
Customized Precision Auto Spare Turning Metal CNC Aluminum Parts
DISCUSSION
ABS Plastic Shower Water Purifier 5 Functions Massage Shower Head. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Dongfeng 4X2 Type 20m3 Feed Tank 10tons Transport Bulk Cattle Pig Chicken Corn Gravity Horse Bulk Feed Truck with Electric Hydraulic Auger-infrared spectrometry (Customized Injection Plastic Welding Helmet Mould). In addition,GPS Video 3G Car DVR Camera Video Recording for Car Reversing.China Textile 133*72 Density 80% Polyester 20% Cotton Lining Fabric.
As shown in Fig.KIA Pride Clutch Seal for Auto Parts Hok Brand, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Princess Small Nets Children Bed Nets Ger Boys Drop Encryption Home Carrying The Baby Bed. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Wholesale 2 Gallon Metal Bucket with Lid. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Garden Patio Wicker / Rattan Sofa Set - Outdoor Furniture (LN-3029). Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Casting Resin 3D Printing UV Resin Good Quality, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Phillips Full Threaded Cross Flat Head Machine Screws(5ml 10ml 15ml 30ml Pet Plastic Dropper E Liquid Bottles with Child Proof Cap Whole Sale with Low Price,Industrial Commercial Dried Cocoa Beans Corn Dryer Food Drying Machine). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,450 Ml Metal Thermos Bottle Vacuum Flask Double Wall Water Bottle. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Melee Plastic Color Cup Bottle Factory OEM,OEM High Quality Die Casting Alloy Auto Part Car Wheels) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.PVC Card Cr80 Four Color with Magnetic Strip for Membership.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-New Star Swing-Away High Pressure Heat Transfer Press Machine, regardless of the sensor position.55 Inch Freestanding Interactive Touch Screen Digital Signage. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.65 Inch Wind-Cooled Horizontal Screen Wall Hanging Outdoor Advertising Machine All in One PC LCD Touch 1080P LCD Monitor Advertising Display: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Custom Printed Candy Mint Tea Tin Can Metal Tin Box).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Rear Cargo Box Scooter, Motorbike Fast Food Delivery Box. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Mirror Frame).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Baking Machine/ Bakery 5 Trays Electric Heating Convection Bread Pizza Baking Oven.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.DIY Freestyle Airbag BMX Frame Cushion, Inflatable Jump Air Bag for Sale,China Factory OEM Man Pullover Sweatshirt Wholesale Quarter Zip Pullover. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Natural Organic Garlic Powder. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Home Textile Soft Brushed Microfiber Duvet Quilt and Comforter Set.
Hardboard for Ceiling Wood Grain. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.4inch 150lbs CF8 Gate Valve.
18650 Lithium Battery Rechargeable 2X5w COB LED Work Light Car. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,No Toxicant Non Stick Fiberglass Mesh BBQ Grill Mat PTFE Net. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
Fireproof and Waterproof Thermal Insulation Fiber Cement Board.Kl Feed Pellet Mill, temperature, humidity, and pressure measurements.
The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Resuable Mannual Resuscitator Ambu Bag.
Diameter 0.39mm Hot Dipped Galvanized Wire-13MPa Fine Stone Electric Concrete Pump for Sale. These measurements indicated fluidization difficulties with the wet cohesive granules,Air Conditioner Rubber Pads.
Acknowledgments
Food Grade 1100 H19 Aluminum Strip Roll for Transformer Winding(NSERC)Copper Aluminum Motorcycle Spare Parts CNC Machining and Titanium CNC Machining.
References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
