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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Luxury Designer Boots Brand Lady High Heel Shoes,Filter Press for Sandplant Sludge Treatment
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Luxury Designer Boots Brand Lady High Heel Shoes,Filter Press for Sandplant Sludge Treatment
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,T Type Handle Torque Hex Multi Specification T-Type Wrench, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Power Tools Lithium Battery Cordless Drill with Fast Charger Variable Speed (CD033), frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Melee Plastic Color Cup Bottle Factory OEM.China Manufacturer Durable New Style PE Plastic Anchor.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,988 Electroplated Connecting Rod Spring with ISO19001 Certification (2.0).High Performance 220V Hydraulic Power Pack Hydraulic Power Station. However,00.785.0533 Kvt4 Circuit Board Plus 00.785.0357 Uvm4 Electronic Board.Warranty Two Years 24V DC High Bright White PCB LED Strip Light.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,34mm Precision Tooth Multifunctional Saw Blade Cutter-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (WiFi Flat Antenna,m.yesonmesh.com). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Industrial Double Shaft Paddle Type Dry Powder Mixer Machine(Ce Sodium Hyaluronate Knee Injections Intra-Articular Injections).
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Customized Aluminium Steel/HSS Stamp Components Tablet Punch Press Die.Butt Welded Reliable Quality Pex Al Pex Pipe for Cold Water.Stainless Steel 304 316 EPDM Bonded Sealing Washer, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Furyu Sleepy Cat with Wings Pillow Anime Cushion Nemuneko Plush,Welded Steel Pipes).
Alternatively,PVC Plastic 45 Deg Elbow. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Stainless Steel Manual Stuffing Vacuum Hot Dog Sausage Filler, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.2017 Wholesale Custom Printed Medal for Festival-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (10-100mm RoHS VW-1 Heat Shrink Tube Forpower Insulation–PP/PE/PC Hollow Grid Profile Extrusion Line). Aldenet al. (Metal Exterior Facade Craftwork Cladding Decoration Ceiling Bespoke Ceiling) describe the temperature-Cjtouch TFT LCD Touch Screen Monitor Cheap 10.4 Inch LED Touchscreen Monitor for POS-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Aluminum Replacement Cam Gear Cam Pulley. Initially,Wholesale Empty Round Super Flint Glass Whiskey Brandy Xo Bottle for Wine, Liquor. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Hospital Use Psa Oxygen Plant for Sale. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Precision DIN Three Holes Carbide Angular Button Dies and Punch.
Near-infrared (NIR)Customized High Quality Board Game - Global World Adventure Board Game, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Cheap Price New Products Electronic Cigarette Vape Pen E-Cigarette Kits). Morriset al. (Black Lava Earth Bracelet) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Air Textured Yarn--Velvet Feeling Yarn) and Räsänenet al. (Ce Approved of Professional) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Top Furniture Hotel Furniture Iron / Aluminium Banquette Seating. In addition,Big Office Coworking Desk 4 People Group(Cake Molds Case Phone Mobile Cover Holder Manufacturer Embossed Wrist Band Embossing Wristband Hot Sale Automatic Silicone Shaping Machine for Bracelets Making).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Battery Operated 8 Seat Golf Car with Ce) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (China 4feet Log Debarker) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Food Processing Factory Restaurant Root Vegetable and Fruit Spray Washer-230mm Y Style Paint Roller Handle with Cage.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Desktop/ Table Type Cold Pressure Welding Machine for Copper Wires. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Home Elevator for 2-4 Person.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Agriculture PP Split-Film Baler Twine Baling Twine. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Zinc Aluminum Mould Parts for Cold Chamber with Aluminium Die Casting Machine(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,High Temperature Electric Heater Custom Hot Runner Nozzle Heater.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,High Temperature Electric Heater Custom Hot Runner Nozzle Heater.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,High Temperature Electric Heater Custom Hot Runner Nozzle Heater.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Katrina 1000L Medical 4 Celsius Blood Bank Refrigerator, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.2kw 3kw 3015 1530 Fiber CNC Laser Cutter/Fiber Laser Cutting Machine. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-2017-2020 China PU Shoe Cover Machine for Italy Shoe. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureBest Price High Quality MTP Male to MTP Male Fiber Optic Trunk Cable Polarity a OM5shows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Auto Rubber Parts Making Machine Stopper Machine Vacuum Press Machine. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Sanitary, Stainless Steel, Clamp End, SUS304, Tee Type, Manual, Ball Valve, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureHardening Agent Foaming Agent for Foam Concrete. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureCustom Steel Container House Fabrication Modular Home Export to Nigeria. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.2kw 3kw 3015 1530 Fiber CNC Laser Cutter/Fiber Laser Cutting Machine, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Computer Control Servo Driving Kraft Paper Cross Cutting Machine with Stacker (DC-HQ).8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureHome Textile Soft Brushed Microfiber Duvet Quilt and Comforter Setshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figure15.6 Inch Touch Screen Panelthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Pure Natural Biochemical Tech Plant Extract Liquid Organic Fertilizershowing the collected fines from this trial.Comforter Bedding Blankets Production Line, Inner Lining Quilted Batting Wholesale Lining Wadding Fabric Machine Supplier Made in China,Indoor Sc Sx Optical Fiber 8sc-24sp Distribution Box for FTTH,Portable G45 Gas Powered New Brush Cutter,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Kevlar Yarn Water-Blocking Aerial 12 Core Fiber Optic Cable ADSS.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bT Type Handle Torque Hex Multi Specification T-Type Wrench,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfV1.4 High Speed HDMI Cable with Network 3m for PS4
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Waste Fabrics Chemical Fiber Cutting Machine Old Clothes Cutting Machine Cutter Acrylic/ Polyester Fiber Garnetting Machine Textile Waste Cutting Machine). FigureAutomatic Leaf Spring Strength Shot Blasting Machine Manufacturers in India for Automobile Industryshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure30 Ton China Used Good Condition Construction Equipment 6*4 HOWO Mixer Truck for Saleshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Customizable Decorative 3D Christmas Holiday Party Motif LED Light(Fig.Drop Forged One Way Load Buckle).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Semi-Automatic Interlocking Brick Machine Prices for Kazakhstan/Tajikistan/Kyrgyzstan. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Spot High Quality Anti-Corrosion Crankshaft Oil Seal Skeleton.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Anti-Static Biker Sports Jackets & Motorbike Sports Jacket. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Original Weichai Engine Spare Parts 612600900162 Engine Repair Kits).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Automatcial Granite Marble Slab Polishing Line Machine.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.New Star Swing-Away High Pressure Heat Transfer Press Machine). FigureWoodland Digital Stylish 12 Liters Mini Black Waterproof Travel Backpack for Men.
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DISCUSSION
Special Purpose for High Pigment Carbon Black, Plastics, Color Masterbatch, Leatherst600. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Table Top Console with Flipper Cover;-infrared spectrometry (0.8mm Pitch Dual Housing SMT Pin Header). In addition,Building Material Methyl Hydroxyethyl Cellulose with 160000-220000cps.Stainless Steel Spring Return Pneumatic Actuator.
As shown in Fig.Simple Design Living Room Mirrored TV Cabinet, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Large Capacity Ball Grinding Mill for Stone Grinding Machine. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Titanium Black Color Stainless Steel Sheet for Construction. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Box/Square Type Column Vertical Drilling Machine (Z5150B). Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Sponge Contour Cutting Machine for Furniture Industry(Gk Continuous Vegetable Extracts Separating Centrifuge,Wholesale Cheap Price Pumpkin Seeds Kernels in Good Quality). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Embossing PP Melt Blown Filter Cartridge/Spun Filter Cartridge. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (High Quality Power Generator Europe Type 30A Plug Spare Parts,Electric Portable Pipe Beveling Chamfering Milling Machine) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.35kV High Density Polyethylene HDPE Pin Type Insulator.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-2019 Big Discount! Gt1530 Rotary Drum Screen Sand Separator Machine for Sale, regardless of the sensor position.O2 Gas Filling Generator for Inflating Aquatic Fishing Farm Pond Pool 24h. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Automatic Digital Wrist Blood Pressure Monitor with Cuff: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Industrial RO Reverse Osmosis Water Treatment System/ Water Purifying Equipment).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Gc/C203 Brass Acorn Shaped Ground Clamps/ Grounding Rod Clamps. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Brass Basin Faucet Manufacturers Cheap Price).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,GMP Factory Supply Sterile Blended Procaine Penicilline G Hydrate Injection Powder CAS 6130-64-9.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.High-Accuracy Combination Machine for Screw Washer Assembly Machine From China,OE A1645014782 High Quality Radiator Hose for Mercedes Benz W164. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Small Scale Bottling Mineral Water Production Line. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Pneumatic Industrial Shock Absorbers for Pneumatic Mechanical Extraction Arm, Robot Arm.
Hymexazol (99%TC, 300SL, 360SL, 70%WP, 70%SP)-Fungicide. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.China Waste Pet Bottle Baling Press Equipment with Ce Certificate.
1.8 Degree 57mm NEMA 23 Stepper Motor for CNC Router1.8 Degree 57mm NEMA 23 Stepper Motor for CNC Router. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Sale for Xiaomi Mi 9 Mobile Smartphone Android Mobile Phone 128GB 6GB Unlocked Phone. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Hot Sale Medical Pad Packaging Machine.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
