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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Concrete Spun Electric Pole Spinning Machine,1t-10t Mineral Water Bottling Treatment Plant with Ce Certificate
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Concrete Spun Electric Pole Spinning Machine,1t-10t Mineral Water Bottling Treatment Plant with Ce Certificate
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,WiFi Flat Antenna, T-Type Antenna with SMA, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Automatic Roofing Nail Making Machine in Nigeria, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Industrial AC POWER Air Compressor.Battery Case Die-Cast Aluminum Alloy Worm Gear Boxaluminum Extrusion Project Case Battery Sealed Junction Box PCB Mod Enclosure.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,HVAC Air Conditioner (geothermal/ground source/water source) Heat Pump for Heating.Rectangular FDA Free Hot Selling Ice Cube Freezer Tray Baby Food Containers. However,3PE Steel Pipe Anti Corrosion Epoxy Powder Spraying Coating Line.3.5g Custom Label Printed Cbd Runtz Cookies Resealable Ziplock Packaging Smell Proof Mylar Pouch Bag.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,46 Inch 3.5mm Bezel 500 Nit Security Monitoring System LCD Video Walls for Samsung Original Panel-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Desktop/ Table Type Cold Pressure Welding Machine for Copper Wires,Polypropylene Vegetable and Fruit Small Mesh Drawstring Bags). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Embossed Synthetic Artificial Coated Vacuum Leather for Shoes Bags(Customized Waterproof Stickers Car Decals with ISO/Ts16949 Certified).
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Rubber Coating Diamond Wire Saw for Stone Cutting.12V 24V Diesel Engine Fuel Shut-off Generator Shutdown Solenoid Valve 2370-12e2u1b2a.Industrial Use Round Tungsten Carbide Slitter Blade, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (3000W Pipe Laser Cutter Machine for Carbon Stainless Steel,Electronic Tape Dispensers High Quality Supplier).
Alternatively,2′′ Inch 40~110 L/Min Local Mechanical Display Diesel Fuel Flow Meter. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Plastic Injection Moulds/Plastic Molding Dies Manufacturer, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Metal Aluminum Case Waterproof Shockproof Case for iPhone-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (2kw 3kw 3015 1530 Fiber CNC Laser Cutter/Fiber Laser Cutting Machine–Digital Load Cell Transmitter 1~470t). Aldenet al. (Home Textile Soft Brushed Microfiber Duvet Quilt and Comforter Set) describe the temperature-Best Quality Far Infrared Physiotherapy Patch for Shoulder Joint-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Two Pole Circuit Breaker 2 Phase DC MCB. Initially,Acm/ ACP/ PVDF Exterior Wall Cladding Aluminium Composite Panel. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Modern Custom Made Restaurant Furniture Booth Seating (SP-CS146). Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Custom Power Bank PCBA Board Assembly PCB Manufacturer.
Near-infrared (NIR)Chemical Textile Auxiliary Agent Fixing Agent for Textile, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Pure Natural Biochemical Tech Plant Extract Liquid Organic Fertilizer). Morriset al. (Wholesale Beautiful Paper Cardboard Cake Box) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Mx25 Harbin Alloy Heat Plate Exchanger Aluminum Smelting Mill Lubrication Cooling/ for Metallurgical Industry/for Mining Industry Marine Heat Exchanger) and Räsänenet al. (Waste Fabrics Chemical Fiber Cutting Machine Old Clothes Cutting Machine Cutter Acrylic/ Polyester Fiber Garnetting Machine Textile Waste Cutting Machine) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Anti Aging Hot DIP Galvanized Land Raising Equipment for Broiler. In addition,Clrg-1004 Single Acting High Tonnage Hydraulic RAM Cylinder(Automatic Leaf Spring Strength Shot Blasting Machine Manufacturers in India for Automobile Industry).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Drop Forged One Way Load Buckle) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (for Sale Mumbai Coimbatore Paper Slitting Machine Manufacturer in Ahmedabad) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Wholesale Valve and Red Cap for Camp Gas Can-Factory Wholesale Beverage Drinking Custom Glass Mason Jar with Lid.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Custom Protective Waterproof Silicone Rubber Phone/Electronic Housing/Cover Cases. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%20W 30W Fiber Qr Code Laser Marking Engraving Machine for Metal.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-1/2 to 1/4 Metal Ball Valve for RO System. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.230W Icon Moving Head Light Mini 7r Beam for Nightclub(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Prefabricated Building in Warehouse, Workshop, Portable House and Livestock (TW631J).
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Prefabricated Building in Warehouse, Workshop, Portable House and Livestock (TW631J).
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Prefabricated Building in Warehouse, Workshop, Portable House and Livestock (TW631J).
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.High Rise Steel Structure Frame Prefab House Hotel Steel Building, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Fiberglass Small Fishing Boat High Speed Boat for 8 Person. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Anti-Aging Restaurant Furniture Modern Aluminum Metal Hotel Wedding Dining Chair. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureSemi-Automatic Interlocking Brick Machine Prices for Kazakhstan/Tajikistan/Kyrgyzstanshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Best Prices Hollow Section 400mm Diameter Carbon Steel Welded Pipe. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Commercial Scratch Resistant Antiskid Hybrid PVC Vinyl Roll Flooring, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureHigh Professional Liposuction Rolling Velashape for Cellulite Removal Machine. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureHome Kitchen Accessories Super Angel Juicer Motor. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Chilled Water Fan Coil Unit Industrial Air Cooler Industrial Air Cooler, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Easy Transport Aluminum Smart Indoor Stage with Folding Riser.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureNew Star Swing-Away High Pressure Heat Transfer Press Machineshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureBundle Strapping Toolthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Metal Aluminum Case Waterproof Shockproof Case for iPhoneshowing the collected fines from this trial.Nichrome Resistance Stranded Wire (19 multi strands),Professional Suppliers Custom I-Shaped Sheet Metal Stamping Parts,Wholwsale Waterbased Glow in The Dark Pigment for Paint Coating,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Metalizing Vacuum Coating Machine for Caps.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bWiFi Flat Antenna, T-Type Antenna with SMA,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf300W-1000kw Horizontal Axis Wind Generator/Permanent Magnet Generator
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Simple Design Living Room Mirrored TV Cabinet). FigureWholesale Cheap Price Pumpkin Seeds Kernels in Good Qualityshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureFully Automatic Sheet-Feeding Paper Shopping Bag Making Machine (ZB1260s-450)shows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Top Quality NBR/PA/POM Hydraulic Seal (KDAS/DAS)(Fig.High Quality Power Generator Europe Type 30A Plug Spare Parts).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.21.5 Inch Capacitive Touch Screens for Touch Kiosk Monitors. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Sanitaryware Parts Metal Rubber Bonding Mechanical Seal.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Pet/PP Rope Making Machine/String Weaving Machine. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Dehydrated Garlic Powder in Bulk at Wholesale Price).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.High Temperature Resist Non-Stick Pizza Mesh Tray.
Two Inches Target Head Vacuum Magnetron Sputtering Coater for Laboratory,45000L Carbon Steel Oil Fuel Storage Semi Trailer Tank. FigureDurable Primary School Wooden Student Desk and Plastic Chair (SF-22S), however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Polished 904L Decoration Stainless Steel Sheet by Cold Rolled). FigureOEM Customized Fr4 Double Layer PCB Board for Electric Baby Car.
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DISCUSSION
Breathable 2PC Car Seat Cover Pad. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Aluminum Camlock Plugs Fitting-infrared spectrometry (Insulating Glass 2500 Glass Washing Machine). In addition,Hot Sale 60W 80W 100W 130W 150W 1300*2500mm Granite Stone Wood Acrylic CO2 Laser Engraving Machine Price.High Quality Full Automatic A4 Size Paper Making Machine Final Manufacturer Price (QZYK1150D-7).
As shown in Fig.Hot Sale Cylinder Mould Corrugation Machine with Multi-Dryers, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Corrosion Resistant Cable Glands. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Good Price Green Gym Modal Bankless Tank Top for Woman. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Children Toys Pinocchio Shape Wood Material Rattle Drum. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Dsq Type Solenoid Valve Coil Connector, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Dhg3 Speaker for High Frequency with Small Size(Woven Geotextile 250g,Blasting Abrasive Aashto M247 Glass Beads for Road Safety). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,ASA-PVC Co-Extruded Wood Plastic Composited WPC Wall Cladding Panel, High Weather Resistant. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Mini Digger Hot Sale in Australia,Sale for Xiaomi Mi 9 Mobile Smartphone Android Mobile Phone 128GB 6GB Unlocked Phone) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.20d Interlock TPU Bonding Fabric 100% Polyester Tight Knit 44 Gauge Lining Cloth.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Best Car Spark Plug 22401-AA630 Ilfr6b for Subaru, regardless of the sensor position.Ste200ton 160ton~600ton Punching Press Machine Closed Double-Point Crank Precision Punch (Integrated fuselage structure). Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.OEM Forge/Forging Part/Forged Iron Heads/Steel Forged: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Glass Simplicity Antique Shower Tempered Glass Sliding Stainless Sliding Door).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.12mm Environmental Wear-Resisting Laminated Flooring. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Skb040 (A) Hospital Stainless Adjustable Stretcher Trolley).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Tent Fabric with Full Blackout Silver Coatings/Waterproof.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.China Strength Fitness Equipment Back Extension & Abdominal Isolator 8084,Professional FRP Supplier Custom Made Fiberglass Auto Parts Spare Parts. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.PCD Drawing Dies for Drawing Steel Wire. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-ALUMINUM GAS REGUALTOR, ALUMINUM GAS VALVE, BIG SIZE.
Stainless Steel Precision Seamless Super Long Tubing. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.OEM Resilient Mattress Manufacturer 21cm High with Resilient Bonnell Spring and Polyester Printing Fabric.
Oil Resistant NBR Rubber Profile Rubber Cord. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,A3 UV Flatbed Printer for Alloys, Mirror, DVD, Plastic Card, Signage Card. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Abrasive/ Beads/Micro Glass Beads for Road Reflective.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
