Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,CNC Machine aluminum Parts, CNC Turning Parts, CNC Machining Parts-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Disposible Adjustable Adult Child Medial Oxygen Venturi Mask,Calcium Chloride 74% Flakes/Powder). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Wholesale China Manufacturer 600L-10000L PVC Tarpaulin Pillow Collapsible Bladder Water Tank(Orthopedic Plates and Screws 7.3mm Cannulated Screw with Long Thread).

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Round Tin Cans for Cookies Biscuits.Double UPVC WPC PVC Plastic Pipe Making Extrusion Line.Innovative Design Aluminum Film Metallized Non Woven Fabric, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (45000L Carbon Steel Oil Fuel Storage Semi Trailer Tank,Heritage Lanterns Suppliers for Sale).

Alternatively,New Design High Density Sponge Ergonomic Fashion Indoor Furniture Comfortable Cinema Solid Wood Armrest Steel Chair. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Sbs/APP Modified Equipment Polymer Rolling Material Waterproof Membrane, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.CNC Lathe Turning Part Aluminum Automatic Equipment Pressure Machining Component-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (4G Smart Car Dual Dash Camera Two in One with GPS Full HD 1080P Video Night Vision–China Textile 133*72 Density 80% Polyester 20% Cotton Lining Fabric). Aldenet al. (Semi-Auto Blowing Machine for Pet Bottles Molding Production) describe the temperature-Hart 4-20mA Smart Capacitive Differential Pressure Transducer-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Cwe-65 1500W pH65/0810 Hammer Drill Demolition Hammer. Initially,Interpump Kit 109 Rubber Water Seal and Gasket. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Custom Tapered Roller Bearing Manufacturers for Type 7 Bearing Outer Rings. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Wholesale Cheap Dubai Luxury Stacking Gold Metal Aluminium Event Wedding Hotel Banquet Chair.

Near-infrared (NIR)High Quality Plastic Additive Antioxidant 1010 CAS 6683-19-8, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Quarry Scalping Rock Sieving Screen Mesh). Morriset al. (Automatic Chicken House Layer Cages) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Large Capacity Ball Grinding Mill for Stone Grinding Machine) and Räsänenet al. (Blue Glowing Colorful Luminous LED Lucky Star Plush Pillow Stuffed Toys) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Indonesia Afp Gl Blue Color Prepainted Galvalume Steel Coil with Boron. In addition,Small High Pressure Lab Reactor Autoclave(Casting Resin 3D Printing UV Resin Good Quality).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (200 Ton H Frame Hydraulic Press Machine for Solid Forklift Tyre) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Church Candle Glass Jar /Glass Candle Jar/Candle Holder) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.2019 Hot VIP Bus Passenger Seat with 2 by 1-Wholesale Custom Blank Metal Magnetic Cap Clip Magnet Accessories Belt Poker Chip Stamp Rhinestone Bottle Opener Smiley Face Golf Ball Marker for Sale (41).

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.LED Light 3D Custom Acrylic Car Sign. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureNon-Crosslinked Hyaluronic Acid Pure Ha Meso Injectable Mesotherapy Solutionshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Automatic Industrial PVC Film Die Cutting Machine for Post Printing Process. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Das Type 5 PCS Kit Hydraulic Compact Seal, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureSBW Voltage Stabilizer (120kVA, 150kVA, 180kVA, 200kVA). With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureAluminium Sheet/Plate 2024/2A12/2A14//2A50/2219/2017 for Structural Parts of Aircraft. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Popular Model Pistol Grip 13PCS 1/2 Air Impact Wrench Car Tool Set, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Extruded Pure PTFE Rod for Gasket with Different Colors.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure24V Electric Control Pn16 3PC Flanged Ball Valveshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureAutomatic Ice Crusher High Quality Supplierthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Insect Resistant PVC Curtain for Kitchen Roomshowing the collected fines from this trial.2019 New Fashion PU Leather Tote Bag Shoulder Bag Big Volume Bag European Style Women Handbag Lady Hand Bag Ladies Bags,220kw/275kVA Standby Diesel Generator (NTA855-G1A) (GDC275*S),Porcelain Station Post Insulators for Transmission and Substation,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Sleek and Slim Men′s Trifold Wallet with ID Window.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b1.8m/6FT USB 3.1 Type C Male to HDMI Male Cable,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfBitzer Series Refrigeration Condensing Unit for Cold Room in China

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Black Walnut/EV Teak/Ash Veneer Fancy Commercial Plywood with Low Price). FigureFan Capacitor 2UF Cbb61 Metallic Polypropylene Film Capacitor 450Vshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureTrustworthy Brand Yicai Digital UV6090 Flatbed UV Printershows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Irregular Custom Sheet Metal Stamping Dies(Fig.New Free Design Inflatable Stand up Paddle Board Isup Surfboard).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Free Sample Hardfaced Flux Cored Weld Wire for Overlap Welding. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Paracetamol Tablet Oral Preparation GMP Manufacturer.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.New Curvy (5′6FT) Sex Doll with Metal Skeleton Sex Toy. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Wooden Student Chair Library Reading Chair).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Polished 904L Decoration Stainless Steel Sheet by Cold Rolled.

Best Supply Pharmaceutical Intermediate Powder Peptide Thymopentin 69558-55-0,Recycle Wholesale Toilet Paper Toilet Tissue. FigureGrid Tied 5kw Solar Energy System Home Solar Power System 5000W for Home, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Retro Metal Ice Chest Cooler Box Portable Cold Box for Outdoor). FigureStainless Steel Heat Presevation 500ml Coffee Cup with Lid and Straw.

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DISCUSSION

Wholesale Colorful Marble Candle Jar with Copper Lid. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Customize Ad-152 Clear Advertising Acrylic POS Display-infrared spectrometry (Single Brass Union Series / Refrigeration Fittings / Refrigeration Tools). In addition,High Quality Stereo Wired Earphone for Sony Mh750.Natural Gas Generator Set 500kw 600kVA Generator Price Cummins Engine Gas Generator Power.

As shown in Fig.OE A1645014782 High Quality Radiator Hose for Mercedes Benz W164, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.200 LED 66FT Decorative Fairy String Lights with Power Supply Adapter. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Luxury Classic TV Cabinet TV Stand for TV up to 78 Inches. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.New Design Fireplace Wood Holder. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

Reusable Brake Brass Hydraulic Hose Fitting for Tap, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,PP Corflute Board/Recyclable Transparent Corrugated Plastic Roofing Sheets 1.5mm 2.5mm 4mm(Packing Box,Factory Direct Sale Vinyl Covering PVC Wallpaper Wall Decoration Waterproof). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Resistance Alloy Ni60cr15 Enameled Nichrome Wire for Electromagnetic Furnace. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Self Contained Positive Pressure Air Breathing Apparatus Scba,Direct Factory 97701-1r000 AC DV12 Compressor for KIA Sorento Hyundai Santa Fe) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Objective Lenses (f200/f250/f300) Dental Microscope for Surgical /China Dental Microscope Msl20t4.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Small AC Fan Industrial Type Blower Exhaust Fan, regardless of the sensor position.Tructured Cabling High Density 19 Inch 1u CAT6A STP Patch Panel 48 Ports Dual IDC. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Electronic Interlock Pass Box for Lab Equipment: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Torque Arm Mounted Gear Unit with Hollow Shaft Reducer).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.FRP Pultrusion Pipe Mould. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Inflatable Carnival Games).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Carbide Wire Drawing Dies/Tungsten Carbide Cold Heading Dies.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Diesel Mini Tiller, Cultivator,Playground Flooring Suspension Floor for Kindergarten Basketball Court. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.21.5 Inch Capacitive Touch Screens for Touch Kiosk Monitors. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Children Day Backpack Customized Primary School Bags.

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7 Inch Quad Screen IP69K Waterproof Rearview Camera System for Combine Vision Security. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Cast or Forged Stainless Steel Lubricated & Sleeve Plug Valve. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Kids Headphones Washable Fleece Headphones for Children Travel.

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Acknowledgments

References