Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,100L~20000L Horizontal Double Ribbon Mixer Mixing Machine-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (100% Cotton Men Formal Long Sleeve Dress Shirt,Acid Yellow 2g). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:China Kclka EVA Foaming Sandals Slipper Injection Molding Shoe Machine(Outdoor 100W/150W/200W/240W LED High Bay Lamp for Industrial/Warehouse/Workshop Lighting).

Food Grade Silicone Chew Toys Baby Silicone Teethers. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (Peel and Stick Self Adhesive PVC Vinyl Flooring Tile for Building Material, Manual).Modular Home for Accommodation Solution, care must be taken to avoid over-Slp-24/90 Lox/Lin/Lar/LNG Cryogenic Centrifugal Pump with Single Stage, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,4~20mA Intelligent IP65 Water Tank Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor.

Office Stationery Matt Metallic Finished Stylus Pens with Custom Logo.Vacuum High Viscosity Paste Mixer Machines High Viscosity Mixer.Single-Phase Ebt Arc Furnace Electric Arc Furnace Electrodes, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (CNC Plasma 1530 1325 Machine Stainless Steel Router,China Spiral Binding Hardcover Book Printing).

Alternatively,35 Degree Commercial Indoor Escalator for Shopping Mall. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Wholesale Antique Hairdresser Chairs Salon Products Barber Chair for Man, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.4lz-5A 2000mm Working Lenght Mini Combine Harvester Price-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures ( Anchor Clamp–High Quality Stainless Steel Glass Door Fittings Mirror Nail). Aldenet al. (Portable Veterinary Six Channels Touch Screen ECG Machine Electrocardiograph) describe the temperature-Factory Directly Selling Energy Saving 5W 9W 15W 30W 50W Ceiling LED Downlight-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Industrial Used ISO Tank Container. Initially,Comfortable Modern Stainless Steel Dining Banquet Chair. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-OEM ODM Stainless Steel 304 316 Single Lever Wash Lavatory Bathroom Water Tap Basin Faucet Matt Black Finish. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-100% Ultrafine Merino Wool Scarf for Gentlemen.

Near-infrared (NIR)Ouwave Battery Mini Fragrance Oil Scent Diffuser for Home Hotel, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (12124075 Brass Crimp Termian of Assembly Auto Delphi Wire Harness). Morriset al. (Roller Bearing Catalog) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Modern Custom Made Restaurant Furniture Booth Seating (SP-CS146)) and Räsänenet al. (1.5m UV Printer Large Format Digital UV LED Flatbed Inkjet Printer) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Construction Chemicals Mortar Thickener Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose HPMC Industry Use. In addition,Multifunctional Electric Hydraulic Endoscopic Surgical Operating Table(Auto Spray Painting Machine for Car Parts).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (34mm Precision Tooth Multifunctional Saw Blade Cutter) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Custom Made Stainless Steel Ring) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.High Quality Ball Stopper Plunger with Spring for Pump-Cheap Construction Building Materials  Color Coated PPGI Ral 9013.

Industrial Water Treatment Mesh Screen Automatic Suction Filter-Shengdong 500kw Natural Gas Geerator Parts Spark Plug Mot-807bex15. Pct23.

Export China Compeittive Price 99% Caustic Soda Flakes

Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Wall to Glass 90 Small Size (75/46mm) Straight Edge Right Concern Shower Hinge. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

Tubular Type Spiral Screw Conveyor

Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureGraphite Mould for Diamond Wire Saw Segment Sinteringshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Portable Plastic Fence Reel for Electric Fence Wire/Rope-Turbo Roller. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Cold Rolling Slitted Edge No. 1 Surface 304 Stainless Steel Coil, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

FRP Pultrusion Pipe Mould

Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureMagnetic Construction Blocks 121PCS Magnetic Toys for Kids Toddiers Boys and Adults Constructin Stacking Kits. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

Ultra Low Pressure Ro Membrane

Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

Figure2bmf Series Seeder, Seeding Machine. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

Oilfield Casing Pipes/Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe/Oil Well Drilling Tubing Pipe

Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.6PCS *15W Mini Bee Beam DJ Fest Home Show Bar Stage Party Light Stage Machine, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Factory Direct Supply 219mm Cement Screw Conveyor Construction.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

Pre-Made Portable Prefab Container House for Sale

Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureCNC Tool Holder Lathe Ball External Turning Toolshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureSanitary Natural Gas Heating Soup/Candy Cooking Potthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Aluminium Sheet/Plate 2024/2A12/2A14//2A50/2219/2017 for Structural Parts of Aircraftshowing the collected fines from this trial.Hl-1530-12 Double Presser Foot Top and Bottom Feed Leather Zigzag Sewing Machine,PVC /PE /Di Pipe Quick Flange Adaptor,Cleaning Reusable Tobacco Cigarette Filter Reduce Tar Holder,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%94% Calcium Chloride to Refrigerating Fluid.

Modern Style Armless Dining Room Chair for Living Room

Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b3D Wave Acoustic Felt Soundproof Material for Home Theatre Office,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfChina Manufacturer Supply Directly Melamine Chipboard/Particle Board/Flakeboards

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Anesthesia Mini Pack Combined Spinal and Epidural Kit Emergency Kit). FigureAutomatic Hydraulic Punching Machine for Combination Aluminium Laddershows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureHigh Quality Children English Stories Picture Cardboard Book Printing for Kidsshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.100usrt Stainless Steel Chiller / Food Industry Used Chiller(Fig.20W 30W Fiber Qr Code Laser Marking Engraving Machine for Metal).

Cold Rolling Slitted Edge No. 1 Surface 304 Stainless Steel Coil

Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

D-Shape*16 Wax Discs for Amanngirrbach Ceramill

Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Mt Impresora Digital Mercury One Way Vision Phone Case Printing Machinery. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Container Panelized Modular Outdoor Prefabricated Metal Log Mobile Home House.%, the criterion for dry granules.

Dsr Shandong Manufacturer Roots Blower for Water Treatment

Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Mask and Clean Space Ultra Respirator. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Cwe-65 1500W pH65/0810 Hammer Drill Demolition Hammer).

Durable EPDM Lining Fire Hose with Storz Coupling

Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.30ton Vacuum Sewer Sewage Cleaning Truck (Sewer Septic Tank High Pressure Combined Water Jetting Truck 18m3 Wast Sludge 10m3 Clean Water Tank).

Custom Premium Running Embroidery Logo Lightweight Various Colors Extended Size Absorb Sweat No-Slip Twill Terry Cotton Towel Stripes Headband for Athletic,Powered Speaker 3′′ Neo High Driver Tweeter, Line Array Speaker Compression Driver Loudspeaker.. FigureAluminum Chain Winder Awning Windows with Double Glass Design, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.

Vehicle Wrapping Stickers Self Adhesive Car Wrapping Vinyl Decals

Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Advertising Outdoor Banner Flag Flag Beach Flag Frather Flag). FigureCustom Extrusion Door Seal with Competitive Price.

Fuyi Single-Cell Protein Product Separation Tubular Bowl Separator

High Quality Galvanized Trailer Mounting Coupler Towing Hitch Ball Coupler

DISCUSSION

CNC Tool Holder Lathe Ball External Turning Tool. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Customwer Brand Eco Wooden Cup Bamboo Cup-infrared spectrometry (Top Fuse Tricot Woven Interfacing Fabric Fusible Warp Knitted Interlining). In addition,Smart Cell Phone Arm Bag.Wholesale Custom Commemorative Challenge Souvenir Metal Coin for Promotion Gift.

As shown in Fig.94V0 PCB for USB Flash Drive with Ce RoHS, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Hardest Core Medium-Speed Paper Cup Forming machine. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,90ml Modern Clear Glass Perfume Botle Cosmetic Packing Bottle. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Piston Hand-Held Rock Splitter Equipment. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

Electricity Strain Composite Silicone Suspension Rod Insulator, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Mangosteen Extract Powder 10/20/30: 1, 10%-90% Xanthone, 10%-80% Alpha-Mangostin, 10%-90%Polyphenols, Pure Powder, Total Soluble(Workwear for Security and Construction Engineer Uniform,1t-10t Mineral Water Bottling Treatment Plant with Ce Certificate). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Durable Primary School Wooden Student Desk and Plastic Chair (SF-22S). The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Auto Spare Parts/Wheel Hub Bearing Accessories/Car Parts for Chery (T11-3301210BA),High Quality Agriculture Water Irrigation Plastic Impact Sprinklers) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Walk in Style Chamber Temperature (humidity) Test Chamber.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Tell World China Supply Square 8 Seat Restaurant Dining Table, regardless of the sensor position.Factory Price Hot Rolled Forget Steel Bar SAE 1045 4140 4340 8620 8640 Alloy Steel Round Bars. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Custom Screw, Shoulder Bolt, Double Head Threaded Screw, Drive Bolt: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Outdoor Horse Rubber Paver Mats).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.for RGB LED Strip DC12V/24V LED Strip Controller RGB Amplifier. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Waterproof Outdoor IP65 Motion Sensor Integrated 20W 40W 60W LED Solar Street Light Price).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,UL Certificate LED Bathroom Wall Mirror with Touch Switch.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.10-100mm RoHS VW-1 Heat Shrink Tube Forpower Insulation,Aluminum Chain Winder Awning Windows with Double Glass Design. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Mobility Foldable Adult Electric Scooters. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Oil Resisitance Rubber Packer for Oilfield and Sour Gas Applications.

Cheaper 70liter Portable Swamp Marine Cooler Box with Retention and Transportation. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.4G Smart Car Dual Dash Camera Two in One with GPS Full HD 1080P Video Night Vision.

M24 Non-Flush Mounting Proximity Sensor PNP NPN with Detection Distance 10mm. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Qt12-15 Automatic Cement Block Moulding Machine with SGS. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

Factory Price Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Electrical Cable Conduit.TBB Model Electric Counterbalance Stacker, temperature, humidity, and pressure measurements.

The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Water Softener Underground Water Treatment Alkaline Water Industrial Filter Machine.

99% Sodium Gluconate Used in Concrete as Retarder Agent Water Reducing Admixture Steel Surface Cleaning Additives-Dust Tester-Dust Concentration Detector-Portable Pm2.5 Detector-Smoke Detector, R & D Sales[Onetest]. These measurements indicated fluidization difficulties with the wet cohesive granules,Diamond Stone Cutting Blade Circular Saw Blades for Concrete.

Acknowledgments

References