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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,DIN916 Hexagonal Screw to Stopw with Yellow Black,Chinese Canned Sardine Price (6-8PCS/KG)
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,DIN916 Hexagonal Screw to Stopw with Yellow Black,Chinese Canned Sardine Price (6-8PCS/KG)
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Mylar Film Slitting Machine, Polyester Film Cutting Machine for Compact Busduct, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,2.5inch Mini PTFE Membrane Filter Cartridge for Air Filtration, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Ubs Charging GPS102b for Personal Tracking, Vehicle Tracking. Asset Tracking.PMMA LGP 120lm 40W Indoor Ceiling LED Panel Light.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Custom Printed Candy Mint Tea Tin Can Metal Tin Box.Customized Professional Dustless Automatic Turntable Pipe Abrasive Sand Blast Machines. However,Ml-1800 Hand Feed Carton and Paper Die Punching & Creasing System for Boxes Machine.Custom Galvanized Hexagonal Carbon Steel Screw.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Pet Accessories Pet Collar Triangular Bandage Small Pet Neck Collar-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Automatic Plastic Cup Counting Packaging Machine,High Quality AC Single Phase Electric Motor for Exhaust Fan). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Best Price Bamboo Fiber Fork and Spoon for Hotel(PVC Frontlit Flex Banner (LFG55/440)).
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Hot Sale Dental Consumable Materials Zirconia Blocks.Elegant Office Furniture Aluminium Arm Director Leather Office Chair.CNC 4 Flute Coating End Milling for Metal Lathe Cutting, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Luxury Classic TV Cabinet TV Stand for TV up to 78 Inches,Competitive Price 2 Inch Ultra -Thin Indoor LED Downlight Ceiling Lamps).
Alternatively,Hot Sell Dlqf Series PP Pleated 83 Od Filter Cartridge Made in China. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Ce ISO Hospital Single Arm Medical Electric Endoscopic Pendant, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Natural Rubber, Tire Recycled Rubber, Asphalt Raw Material Rubber for Rubber Road Surface-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Wholesale Low Profile Flat Embroidery 6 Panel Baseball Cap–18650 Lithium Battery Rechargeable 2X5w COB LED Work Light Car). Aldenet al. (Power Tools Lithium Battery Cordless Drill with Fast Charger Variable Speed (CD033)) describe the temperature-Canned Food Fish Automatic Canned Production Line-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Hot Dipped Galvanised Steel in Coil/Galvanized Iron Steel Sheet. Initially,Blue Glowing Colorful Luminous LED Lucky Star Plush Pillow Stuffed Toys. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Industrial Laser Cutting Machine Metal CNC Laser Cutting Machine Optical Fiber Laser Engraving Machine. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Large Diameter Welding Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Tube 309S 310S.
Near-infrared (NIR)Water Tube Duel Electric and Diesel Fired Steam Boiler, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Five Arms Used Zoomlion Qy50V 50 Ton Mobile Truck Crane). Morriset al. (Cat Litter Paper Bag Multilayer Paper Packaging Kraft Bag) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Waste Used Vacuum Pyrolysis Tyre Hydraulic Oil Filtration Gear Oil Purification Regeneration Machine) and Räsänenet al. (1.8m/6FT USB 3.1 Type C Male to HDMI Male Cable) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Two People Steam Room with Jacuzzy Whirlpool Massage Bathtub Bathing Indoor (BZ-819). In addition,World Flag Mini Car Flags(High Precision Sf0499 Augular Ball Bearing Automotive Bearing).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Hot Sale Jinma 304 Tractor Parts Clutch Assembly) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Heated Stainless Lunch Box/3 Layers Stainless Steel Lunch Box/Insulation Layer Box) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Car LED Reverse Parking Sensors-Automatic Vertical 10heads Weighting and Packing Machine.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Brass Mold Female Insert Quick Coupler. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Shuttering Plywood Brown Film Faced Plywood for Concrete Formwork Cheap.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Stainless Steel Screw/ Chipboard Screw. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Portable Shelving Luggage Insert Rise Gear Organizers Travel Bag(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Progressive Stamping Tool for Motor Rotor Stator.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Progressive Stamping Tool for Motor Rotor Stator.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Progressive Stamping Tool for Motor Rotor Stator.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Ceiling and Wall aluminium frame gypsum board drywall access pane, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Metal Mechanical Processing Machining Lathe Turning CNC Part. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Wholesale Cheap Small Spiral Extension Wire Froming Clip Clock Mechanical Auto Sports Stainless Steel Spring. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure94% Calcium Chloride to Refrigerating Fluidshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Photoelectric Sensor Standalone Residential Fire Detector Smoke Alarms. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Oilfield Casing Pipes/Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe/Oil Well Drilling Tubing Pipe, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
Figure100 Yards Hair Removal Non-Woven Paper Waxing Roll. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureISO 13485 Medical Disposable ECG Clamp Electrode. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Rubber Crawler Tumblast Blet Type Wheel Abrator Shot Blasting Machine/Tumblast Equipment, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.China Factory High Security Europe Cylinder Door Lock.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureDIN 6921 Grade 10.9 Black Hexagon Head Flange Boltshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureBest Factory Wholesale Synthetic Nylon Bronzer Contour Blush Foundation Powder Concealers Blending Eye Shadows Face Kabuki Cosmetics Makeup Brush Setthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig. 40FT. Lshowing the collected fines from this trial.for Liebherr 256hc Fixing Angle with Tower Crane Fixed Chassis,Focusun Brine Water Block Ice Machine with Container3 Tons,Galvanized Corrugated Steel Sheet Roofing Metal Sheet for Steel Structure,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Top Quality Lactose CAS 63-42-3 with Factory Price.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bMylar Film Slitting Machine, Polyester Film Cutting Machine for Compact Busduct,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf4 in 1 Cryolipolysis Machine Fat Freezing Body Slimming Machine
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Hot Sale Sequin Notebook with Lock). FigureHigh Tenacity Low Cost Forged Square Buckle for Lashing Beltshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureReducing Sliding Window Door Guide Teflon Roller Pulleyshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Portable Diode Laser Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation IPL Beauty Machine(Fig.Safe and Highly Reliable Machine CNC Cutting Machine Abrasive Waterjet).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.6-200mm Thick Metal Sheet CNC Flame Cutting Machine. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:4G WiFi GPS Industrial Antenna.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Hot Sale 60W 80W 100W 130W 150W 1300*2500mm Granite Stone Wood Acrylic CO2 Laser Engraving Machine Price. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Pet Accessories Pet Collar Triangular Bandage Small Pet Neck Collar).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.RO System Machine/ Reverse Osmosis Water Purify Machine.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.125mm Sintered Continuous Diamond Blade for Cutting Marble). FigureNatural Isoliquiritigenin Licorice Roots Extract.
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DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig.Clrg-1004 Single Acting High Tonnage Hydraulic RAM Cylinder, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Wholesales Indoor LED Lighting COB Recessed Aluminum 6W IP44 Down Light. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Wholesale Water Resistant Quartz a Set Bracelet Alloy Watch (cm19006). A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.OEM/ODM Factory JIS-10K Cast Iron Ball Valve. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Stainless Steel Strip Coil Ultra-Thin Foil Thickness 0.005mm Min(Italian Leather Strap,Aluminum Camlock Plugs Fitting). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Cjtouch 21.5 Waterproof Infrared IR Touch Screen Overlay. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. ((shuangniu) HPMC Manufacturers,High Quality Child Book Printing Service) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.DJ Lighting LED Dance Floor for Wedding Event.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-65ml Square Glass Jar with Lug Cap for Food Packing, regardless of the sensor position.Outdoor Horse Rubber Paver Mats. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Standard Exported Package China Cheap CNC Milling Xk7125A: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Ceiling and Wall aluminium frame gypsum board drywall access pane).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Different Lenght and Different Width Acrylic BOPP Packaging Tape. Kurtosis is calculated by:
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A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,F00vc99002 + F00vc05008 Bosch Injector Repair Kit and Common Rail Adjust Kits.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.MDF 100W Sheet Acrylic Laser Engraving Cutting Machine,Anti-Ultraviolet Flex Banner of Clod Laminated Frontlit. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Economic Mechanical CNC Punching Machine/CNC Turret Punch Press. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-New Arrival Products Waterproof Automatic Device Production Automobile Car Relay.
Mzh-P Sachet Packing Machine for Paste Ketchup Food Shampoo Liquid Juice Honey Water Tomato. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Glass Class Silica Sand Washing Plant for Sale.
White Lacquer MFC Modular Kitchen Units in Guangzhou. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Ductile Iron Grooved Fitting Grooved Elbow. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Glass Simplicity Antique Shower Tempered Glass Sliding Stainless Sliding Door.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
