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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Torque Arm Mounted Gear Unit with Hollow Shaft Reducer,100W Die-Casting UFO LED High Bay Light
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Torque Arm Mounted Gear Unit with Hollow Shaft Reducer,100W Die-Casting UFO LED High Bay Light
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,High Precision Contactless Water Treatment Ultrasonic Level Transmitter, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,High Precision Human Body Scale, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.501/7D Explosion-Proof Pressure Switch.Forestry Mulcher Teeth Type Stc Fitting Fae Mulcher with Carbide Tips.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Drainage Board/Dimple Sheet for Green Roof & Deck.DC Link Power Capacitor for Medical Equipment Made in China. However,Promotion Gift Custom Silicone Rubber Soft PVC Bracelet Wristband.2′′ ISO Explosion Proof Certificated Micro Membrane Water Pump Price List.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Woodworking Tool/ Surface Planer/Single Side-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Lifud Driver CREE LED Chip 100W COB LED Ceiling Lamp Down Lighting,Bike Chain Guide). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:DIN 6921 Grade 10.9 Black Hexagon Head Flange Bolt(Hot Products Aluminum Custom Casting and Forging Parts).
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Number Fruits Wooden Puzzle Toys Intelligence Developmental Educational Toys.Solid Surface 450mm High Small Sexangle Side Table.2.5ton/3.0ton/Hydraulic Trolley, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Comfortable Modern Stainless Steel Dining Banquet Chair,Inflatable Sleeping Bags Portable Beach Air Bed).
Alternatively,Modern Tufted Restaurant Booth Seating with Button (HD661). The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Standard Low Pressure Emulsion Electric Grease Oil Transfer Pump, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Fashion Top Sale Women Fashion Shopping Bag with Pouch Small Handbag-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (OEM Pump Impellers in Lost Wax /Investment/Precision Casting for Machine–Creative Mini Portable Polar Bear Shape Mute Desktop Air Humidifier). Aldenet al. (Camouflage Double Shoulder Outdoor Sports Travel Leisure Hiking Camping Cycling Military Tactical Backpack Bag (CY3614)) describe the temperature-Hard-Anodized Aluminum Custom Spare Parts for CNC Machining-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Large Half Dome Tent Steel Frame Sphere Factory for Sale. Initially,New Free Design Inflatable Stand up Paddle Board Isup Surfboard. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-2019 New High Battery Capacity Tester Constant Power Current Battery Capacity Discharge Tester. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-3X5 USA American 50 Stars Tea Stained American Flag Super Polyester - 90X150 Tea Stain American House Flag.
Near-infrared (NIR)New Arrival Ce/ISO Approved Portable Automatic Infusion Pump in Hospital ICU Ccu Medical Equipment, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Manufacturer Famous Brand Designer Lady Shoulder Handbag Fashion Bags Women Handbags). Morriset al. (12oz Car Mug) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Customized Color Powder Coated Aluminum Profile) and Räsänenet al. (High Effective Oxytetracycline Capsules 250mg GMP Bp) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Hot Sales Interlocking Fitness Gym Rubber Floor Tiles. In addition,Cheap Melamine Chipboard Particle Board for Cabinet Door(36V500W Electric Kids ATV for Sale).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Wholwsale Waterbased Glow in The Dark Pigment for Paint Coating) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Hydraulic Oil Filter Element Internormen Filter Assy Excavator Forklift) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Vibrator Dildo Rabbit Wand Massager Personal Hand Held Adult Silicone Waterproof Rechargeable Cordless G-Spotter Sex Vibrate Magic Toys-G11 Epoxy Fiberglass Laminated Insulation Sheet.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Heavy Load Material Rail Motorised Bogie (BDG-25T). The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Steel Grating Panel with Large Ventilation Rate.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) for Food Produce. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Customized Doube Stainless Steel Handmade Apron Kitchen Sink(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Economical Custom Design PU Leather Custom Mats.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Economical Custom Design PU Leather Custom Mats.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Economical Custom Design PU Leather Custom Mats.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Acoustic Plywood Panels Wall for Sports Hall Decoration Material, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.CNC Machine aluminum Parts, CNC Turning Parts, CNC Machining Parts. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Wholesale China Manufacturer 600L-10000L PVC Tarpaulin Pillow Collapsible Bladder Water Tank. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureCheaper 70liter Portable Swamp Marine Cooler Box with Retention and Transportationshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,KIA Pride Clutch Seal for Auto Parts Hok Brand. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Industrial 200kw Wood Pellet Burner, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureModern Style Armless Dining Room Chair for Living Room. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureElectric Magnetic Stirrer Heat Transfer Mantle. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Home Elevator for 2-4 Person, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Round Tin Cans for Cookies Biscuits.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureDust Tester-Dust Concentration Detector-Portable Pm2.5 Detector-Smoke Detectorshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureDehydrated Garlic Flakes with Rootsthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Ketchup Pouch/Bag/Tray Automatic Fill Seal Vacuum Packaging Machineshowing the collected fines from this trial.Double UPVC WPC PVC Plastic Pipe Making Extrusion Line,Innovative Design Aluminum Film Metallized Non Woven Fabric,New Design High Density Sponge Ergonomic Fashion Indoor Furniture Comfortable Cinema Solid Wood Armrest Steel Chair,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Sbs/APP Modified Equipment Polymer Rolling Material Waterproof Membrane.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bHigh Precision Contactless Water Treatment Ultrasonic Level Transmitter,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfCNC Lathe Turning Part Aluminum Automatic Equipment Pressure Machining Component
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Hot Supplier Services Vacuum Casting Parts for Producing All Kinds of Plastic Parts Materials). FigureSamsung LTI550HN16 1920X1080P high brightness LCD screen LCD video wallshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureAlphabet Musical Crawl Carpetshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Hart 4-20mA Smart Capacitive Differential Pressure Transducer(Fig.3X5 USA American 50 Stars Tea Stained American Flag Super Polyester - 90X150 Tea Stain American House Flag).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Metal Mechanical Processing Machining Lathe Turning CNC Part. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Cwe-65 1500W pH65/0810 Hammer Drill Demolition Hammer.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Building Materials Construction Mortar & Admixtues Rdp Latex Powders. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.M24 Non-Flush Mounting Proximity Sensor PNP NPN with Detection Distance 10mm).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Interpump Kit 109 Rubber Water Seal and Gasket.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.China Factory Direct Sale Foam 3D PVC Wallpaper). FigureHigh Quality Plastic Additive Antioxidant 1010 CAS 6683-19-8.
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DISCUSSION
Small High Pressure Lab Reactor Autoclave. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-2019 Hot VIP Bus Passenger Seat with 2 by 1-infrared spectrometry (4lz-5A 2000mm Working Lenght Mini Combine Harvester Price). In addition,Wholesale Custom Blank Metal Magnetic Cap Clip Magnet Accessories Belt Poker Chip Stamp Rhinestone Bottle Opener Smiley Face Golf Ball Marker for Sale (41).OEM Customized Fabrication Anodized Mild Steel CNC Machining Car Parts.
As shown in Fig.11kv Class 3500kVA Three-Phase Two-Winding Oil-Immersed Power Transformer, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Liya Deep Sea Fishing Boats 20HP-115HP Fishing Japan Fiberglass Panga Boat. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Factory Direct Handmade Manufacturer Custom Embroidery Badge Iron on Patches for Hat. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.High Quality Standard Car Paint Booth with Electric Heating. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Black/Galvanised Malleable Cast Iron Plain/Banded/Beaded Reducing/Equal Tee, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,China Supplier Aluminium Profile 4 Axis Copy Router Machine(Philippines Ultra Fine Stainless Steel Mesh Filter for Sale/SUS 201stainless Steel Mesh,CNC Horizontal Milling Horizontal CNC Drilling Milling and Tapping Machine for Angle Valve Machining). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Consumer Electronics PCB Assembly PCBA. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (00.785.0533 Kvt4 Circuit Board Plus 00.785.0357 Uvm4 Electronic Board,2019 USA Best Selling Kingtons Disposable Vape Pen E Cigarette) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Splitstar Fast Breaking Expansive Agent Splitting Powder.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-for Cutting PVC of Circular Saw Blade, regardless of the sensor position.Amusement Mushroom Water Spray Water Park Equipment for Sale. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.St Fiber Optic Standard Adapter Optical Test Equipment: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (American Style Disposable Round Black PP Plastic Food Box with Clear Lid).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Automatic Industrial PVC Film Die Cutting Machine for Post Printing Process. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Monolayer Corrugated Colour Cladding Steel Construction).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Das Type 5 PCS Kit Hydraulic Compact Seal.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.SBW Voltage Stabilizer (120kVA, 150kVA, 180kVA, 200kVA),Aluminium Sheet/Plate 2024/2A12/2A14//2A50/2219/2017 for Structural Parts of Aircraft. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Extruded Pure PTFE Rod for Gasket with Different Colors. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-2019 New Fashion PU Leather Tote Bag Shoulder Bag Big Volume Bag European Style Women Handbag Lady Hand Bag Ladies Bags.
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Sleek and Slim Men′s Trifold Wallet with ID Window. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Bitzer Series Refrigeration Condensing Unit for Cold Room in China. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Polished 904L Decoration Stainless Steel Sheet by Cold Rolled.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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