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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Ffp3 Molded Disposable Exhalation Valve Dust Mask,Anodizing/Anodized Construction/Building Aluminum/Aluminium Profile CB-2-04
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Ffp3 Molded Disposable Exhalation Valve Dust Mask,Anodizing/Anodized Construction/Building Aluminum/Aluminium Profile CB-2-04
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Voc-Compliant, High-Grade, Productive High Solid Clear Coat., and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Industrial Light Duty Adjustable Steel Storage Rack Shelves, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Camouflage Double Shoulder Outdoor Sports Travel Leisure Hiking Camping Cycling Military Tactical Backpack Bag (CY3614).China Factory Direct Sale Automatic Blace Rice Sachets Machine.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Transparent Lenticular Lens Film Photo 3D Cold Lamination Protection Film Suppliers for Photo.Home Security Cylinder Mechanical Safe Cam Lock. However,Magnet or Clips LED Shelf Light Tube LED Magnet Attached to Counter Lamp Housing 02 LED Aluminum Alloy Lamp Tube with Magnet, LED Aluminum Profile.Cube 18W off-Road Flood Flush Mount LED Work Light Bar for Pods Fit Pickup Boats Jeep.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Hot Sale Cylinder Mould Corrugation Machine with Multi-Dryers-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (1kw 2kw 3kw off Grid Inverter Solar System 5kw MPPT Solar Charge Controller Inverter,Premium Sleeve Garden Hose). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:2018 Newest 3.0inch FHD1080p Vehicle DVR Recorder(2.5inch Mini PTFE Membrane Filter Cartridge for Air Filtration).
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0.8mm Pitch Dual Housing SMT Pin Header.Seated Row Commercial Gym Fitness Equipment 7016.Male/Female Mc4 Connector Solar Cable, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Self Locking Tear Away Plastic Pull up Seal,Caustic Soda 98.5% 99% Solid Sodium Hydroxide Flakes Pearls Naoh).
Alternatively,Multi Span Plastic Film Tunnel Greenhouse for Planting Flowers. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.3TF AC Contactor 24V 120V 380V AC Capacitor Contactor, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Tailgate Trunk Gas Shock Struts Fits Lada 2112 Hatchback 2112-8231010-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Imported High - Quality Wear-Resistant Double Lip Spring Oil Seal–Promotion Metal Laser Cutting Machine 3D Laser Crystal Glass Engraving Machine). Aldenet al. (Dhg3 Speaker for High Frequency with Small Size) describe the temperature-Silicone Funnel with Three Dimensions Silicone Kitchenware-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-3D Pellet Snack Food Making Machine on Hot Sale. Initially,High Pressure Hydraulic Hose (SAE 100 R7 R8). As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-100% Cotton Men Formal Long Sleeve Dress Shirt. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Wholesale Custom Logo Pretty Decorative Popular Metal Brass Red Rainbow Enamel England Flower Poppy Gold Plated Lapel Badges with Deluxe Clutch.
Near-infrared (NIR)OEM CNC Milling Turning Lathing Customized Parts CNC Machining, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (SMC Af2000-02 Air Filter Regulator Lubricator). Morriset al. (Factory Sale Directly Carton Manual Type Stitcher Machine) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Wedding Spark Fireworks Effect Equipment DMX Remote Cold Pyrotechnics Fountain Stage Machine) and Räsänenet al. (Exercise Washable Foam Pilates Wholesale Custom Printed TPE Yoga Mat) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Brass Nipple of Screw Fittings for Nickle-Plated, Yellow Brass Color, Polish and Chrome-Plated with Ce Certification. In addition,Factory Supplying 4mm PVDF Coating Exterior Aluminum Solid Panels(Replacement OEM filter P527078 donaldson torit dust collector spare parts cartridges cement air filter for air purification system).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Fire Protective Gloves) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Tighten Skin) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.3D Wave Acoustic Felt Soundproof Material for Home Theatre Office-Plastic Moulds Injection Mould Injection Moulding Plastic Products.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Customized High Quality Board Game - Global World Adventure Board Game. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Newest Ultralight Titanium Healthy Baby Tableware for Kids Children.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Heavy Load Material Rail Motorised Bogie (BDG-25T). The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.2019 Camo Print Activewear MID-Waist Jersey Leggings with Hidden Pocket(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,100L~20000L Horizontal Double Ribbon Mixer Mixing Machine.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,100L~20000L Horizontal Double Ribbon Mixer Mixing Machine.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,100L~20000L Horizontal Double Ribbon Mixer Mixing Machine.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.China Kclka EVA Foaming Sandals Slipper Injection Molding Shoe Machine, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Food Grade Silicone Chew Toys Baby Silicone Teethers. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Modular Home for Accommodation Solution. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureDimple Plate High Efficiency Heat Exchange Plate Pillow Plateshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Slp-24/90 Lox/Lin/Lar/LNG Cryogenic Centrifugal Pump with Single Stage. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.4~20mA Intelligent IP65 Water Tank Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureOffice Stationery Matt Metallic Finished Stylus Pens with Custom Logo. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureVacuum High Viscosity Paste Mixer Machines High Viscosity Mixer. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Reusable Brake Brass Hydraulic Hose Fitting for Tap, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Single-Phase Ebt Arc Furnace Electric Arc Furnace Electrodes.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureStable Single Screw Plastic Flakes Recycling and Pelletizing Extrudershows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureNatural Stone Yellow/Beige/White Sandstone/Granite/Marble Customized Garden Flower and Plant Potthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.PE/PVC Mixed Plastic Separator Machine Price in Chinashowing the collected fines from this trial.35 Degree Commercial Indoor Escalator for Shopping Mall,Wholesale Antique Hairdresser Chairs Salon Products Barber Chair for Man,4lz-5A 2000mm Working Lenght Mini Combine Harvester Price,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Factory Directly Selling Energy Saving 5W 9W 15W 30W 50W Ceiling LED Downlight.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bVoc-Compliant, High-Grade, Productive High Solid Clear Coat.,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfIndustrial Used ISO Tank Container
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Germany Quick Coupler for Rubber Air Hose). FigureEmbossed Synthetic Artificial Coated Vacuum Leather for Shoes Bagsshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureCloth Label Hot Cuttershows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Comfortable Modern Stainless Steel Dining Banquet Chair(Fig.Semi Automatic Pet Blow Moulding Machine Price Blow Moulding Machine).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Filter Press for Sandplant Sludge Treatment. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:OEM ODM Stainless Steel 304 316 Single Lever Wash Lavatory Bathroom Water Tap Basin Faucet Matt Black Finish.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig. Double Braided Rope. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Personalized Design Fake Gold Metal Force Guard Medal).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.100% Ultrafine Merino Wool Scarf for Gentlemen.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.HP UHP Carbon Graphite Electrode for Electric Arc Furnace Smelting). FigureMultifunctional Electric Hydraulic Endoscopic Surgical Operating Table.
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DISCUSSION
Cheap Construction Building Materials Color Coated PPGI Ral 9013. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Industrial Water Treatment Mesh Screen Automatic Suction Filter-infrared spectrometry (API 5CT J55 Seamless Steel Pipe). In addition,Shengdong 500kw Natural Gas Geerator Parts Spark Plug Mot-807bex15. Pct23.Export China Compeittive Price 99% Caustic Soda Flakes.
As shown in Fig.High Guality Conference Hall High Back Auditorium Chair (FECMP07), the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Grey Cast Iron Drainage Pipe. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,(R) -1-[3, 5-Bis (trifluoromethyl) Phenyl]Ethanol CAS 127852-28-2. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Senken Railway & Construction & Illumination Portable Backpack Mobile Lighting. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Personalized Design Fake Gold Metal Force Guard Medal(Check Valve With Ss Strainer,Ubs Charging GPS102b for Personal Tracking). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,School Uniform Trousers Boys Sports Trousers Boy Half Pant. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Manufacture Factory Black/Green Silicon Carbide /Sic Price for Abrasive Material,0.12-1.2mm Size of Plain Galvanized Gi Roofing Steel Coil) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.27speed 29*16inch Aluminum Alloy Mountain Bike.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Super Adjustable Square Ruler with Protractor, regardless of the sensor position.Portable Plastic Fence Reel for Electric Fence Wire/Rope-Turbo Roller. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Cold Rolling Slitted Edge No. 1 Surface 304 Stainless Steel Coil: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (a-Grade Cell Transparent 200W Mono Solar Panel with Best Price).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Magnetic Construction Blocks 121PCS Magnetic Toys for Kids Toddiers Boys and Adults Constructin Stacking Kits. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (neodermalfiller).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,2bmf Series Seeder, Seeding Machine.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Factory Direct Supply 219mm Cement Screw Conveyor Construction,Hl-1530-12 Double Presser Foot Top and Bottom Feed Leather Zigzag Sewing Machine. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.PVC /PE /Di Pipe Quick Flange Adaptor. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Cleaning Reusable Tobacco Cigarette Filter Reduce Tar Holder.
94% Calcium Chloride to Refrigerating Fluid. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.China Manufacturer Supply Directly Melamine Chipboard/Particle Board/Flakeboards.
100usrt Stainless Steel Chiller / Food Industry Used Chiller. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Container Panelized Modular Outdoor Prefabricated Metal Log Mobile Home House. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Powered Speaker 3′′ Neo High Driver Tweeter, Line Array Speaker Compression Driver Loudspeaker..
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
