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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Pregabalin Pharmaceutical Intermediate 99% USP,OEM Wholesale African Fashion Cotton Wax Fabric Ankara Floral Headwrap
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Pregabalin Pharmaceutical Intermediate 99% USP,OEM Wholesale African Fashion Cotton Wax Fabric Ankara Floral Headwrap
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Waterproof Home Coil Door Mat Anti-Slip Shoe Cleaning PVC Door Mat, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Outernal Climbing Tower Crane (QTZ63 (TC5013)), frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Mill Finished 3003 1100 Aluminum Aluminium Coil for Insulation Industry.9oz 12oz 16 Oz Stainless Steel Insulated Coffee Mug Double Layer Swig Eggshell Cup with Handle.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Fuyi Single-Cell Protein Product Separation Tubular Bowl Separator.Lifud Driver CREE LED Chip 100W COB LED Ceiling Lamp Down Lighting. However,Factory Sale Commercial Stainless Steel Cube Ice Making Machine/Table Top Ice Maker with Ce 2019.Aluminum Sheet / Aluminum Plate 1050 1060 1100 3003 5052 6061 6063.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,2 Ton Electric Chain Hoist with Electric Monorail Trolley-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (4-Shelf Heavy Duty Utility Freestanding Ventilated Shelving Unit Storage Rack,Al-Si Alloy Microstructure). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Stainless Steel/Enamel Welded Wire Mesh BBQ Grill Grates/Grid(Promotion Gift Custom Silicone Rubber Soft PVC Bracelet Wristband).
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Automobile Electric Products Conductive Spring Sheet.S11 Serie Green Sand Mixer.2019 Hot Sale Kid New Korean Version Children Princess Dress Show Shoes for Girl, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (High End Anodized Extruded Aluminum Enclosure Extrusion Housing for PCB Board,Xianglang Electric SSR-90AA 90AMP 80-280VAC Control 24-480VAC Zero Crossing Solid State SSR Relay).
Alternatively,Black Steel Square and Rectangular Pipe/Ms Steel Hollow Section Pipe/Black Annealed Steel Pipe. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.500W Fiber Laser Metal Steel Cutting Engraving Machine (HXB-3015), the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Ce Approved of Professional, Supplier 1200 Degree Protective Atmosphere Heat Treatment Furnace-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (ISO 13485 Medical Disposable ECG Clamp Electrode–White Black Acrylic Pen/Pencile/Scissors/Remote Controller Storage Box). Aldenet al. (Automatic Ultrasonic Plastic Tube Cream Packaging/Packing Filling and Sealing Machine) describe the temperature-High Quality Rectangle Bottle Opener Half Marathon Medal-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Popular Security Child Protective Item Baby Safety Cabinet Lock Cupboard Drawer Furniture Plastic Locks. Initially,Latest Woman Hand Bag 2018 Designer Manufacturers China. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Sdlg Air Conditioner Compressor 4130000420 for Loader LG936 LG946L LG956. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Top Quality CAS 28319-77-9 Alpha GPC 50% Powder Price.
Near-infrared (NIR)HS-M901K Air Brush Nail Kit, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (100% Polyester Satin Ribbon Custom Logo for Printing in Roll Rainbow Satin Ribbon Manufacture). Morriset al. (Mat For Fitness) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Petroleum Oil Gasoline Diesel Fuel 1 Inch Fuel Transfer Hose) and Räsänenet al. (DJ Lighting LED Dance Floor for Wedding Event) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.PVC Frontlit Flex Banner (LFG55/440). In addition,High Precision Circle Ring Bracelet Rotary Laser Cutter with Gold Dust Recycling(Number Fruits Wooden Puzzle Toys Intelligence Developmental Educational Toys).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Smart Cell Phone Arm Bag) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Ribbon Handle Full Color Printing Gloss Paper Bag) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.19mm 100% Mulberry Silk Fitted Sheet 4PCS Bedding Set Oeko-Tex100-Nkis Bearing Radial Needle Roller Bearing with Inner Ring.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.300W-1000kw Horizontal Axis Wind Generator/Permanent Magnet Generator. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Dining Room Furniture Dining Set Dining Table Chair Banquet Table.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Wholesale Bamboo Charcoal Sisal SPA Pad Shower Bath Sponge Klb-089. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Home Decoration Joint Filler Glitter(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Concrete Wall Making Machine Automatic Brick Making Machine for Sale.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Concrete Wall Making Machine Automatic Brick Making Machine for Sale.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Concrete Wall Making Machine Automatic Brick Making Machine for Sale.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Horizontal Pearl Mills for Paint, Coating, Inks, Pigment Grinding, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.E466 Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose CMC. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Semi-Automatic Interlocking Brick Machine Prices for Kazakhstan/Tajikistan/Kyrgyzstan. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureMulti Span Plastic Film Tunnel Greenhouse for Planting Flowersshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Welding Sealing Double-Color Gas Cutting Flexible Air Hose for Cars. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Coal Mine Tear Resistant Steel Cord Conveyor Belt, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureNewest High Precision Digital Electronic Food Kitchen Weight Scale. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
Figure3000W Pipe Laser Cutter Machine for Carbon Stainless Steel. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.DIY Fully Diamond Painting Embroidery Famous Car Zmc006, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.High Quality Custom Lovely for Plush Toy Fashioplush Toy.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure1220*2440mm High Quality UV Sheet PVC Panel Marble Boardshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureSaj30 Safety Device for Rack and Pinion Elevator and Construction Lifting Materials Hoistthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Ce/RoHS Touch Infrared Sensor Night Light Controled Bathroom LED Makeup Mirrorshowing the collected fines from this trial.Battery Operated 8 Seat Golf Car with Ce,Fashion Casual Wear Girl′s Round Neck Loose Summer Women′s T-Shirt Blouse Clothes,Black and White Hand Wrapping Foil Plastic Film Rolls for Packaging,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Multi-Colour Paper Straw Making Machine (PPZG-800).
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bWaterproof Home Coil Door Mat Anti-Slip Shoe Cleaning PVC Door Mat,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfHydraulic Power Source Stainless Steel Cookware Press Machine
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Cast Steel Ladle High Efficiency Casting Machine Ladle for Melting). FigureCommercial Scratch Resistant Antiskid Hybrid PVC Vinyl Roll Flooringshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureAnti-Static Door Curtainsshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Event Rental Stacking Tiffany Wedding Modern Clear Chiavari Chair(Fig.No Toxicant Non Stick Fiberglass Mesh BBQ Grill Mat PTFE Net).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig. Mirror. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Fresh Golden Pear Class 1 Sweet Golden Pear Organic Pear with Price.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.4inch 150lbs CF8 Gate Valve. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Wholesale Cake Tray Edge Folding and Making Machine).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Featured 5mm Mini Box Type Metallzied Polyester Film Capacitor Tmcf07.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Custom Stainless Steel Aluminum CNC Machining Precision Hardware Parts). FigureISO 7380 Hexagon Socket Button Head Machine Screw.
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DISCUSSION
Colorful Big Round Trampoline for Kids and Adult From Manufacturer. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Hot Dipped Galvanized 2.5mm Cut Tie Wire & Binding Wire-infrared spectrometry (Garden Patio Wicker / Rattan Sofa Set - Outdoor Furniture (LN-3029)). In addition,XCMG Road Construction Machinery Xs203j 20ton Single Drum Price Road Roller Compactor Price (more models for sale).Customized Embroidery High Quality Badge.
As shown in Fig.Aluminum Replacement Cam Gear Cam Pulley, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Garden Furniturte Large Sofa Set with 10mm Half Moon Curve Flat Wicker. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Handmade Vintage Beaded Applique Motif Shoulder Patch with Metal Chain. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Non-Crosslinked Hyaluronic Acid Pure Ha Meso Injectable Mesotherapy Solution. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,High Precision CNC Lead Pitch Ball Screw with Nut Sfur3205(Bassoon Profesional,200W Solar LED Flood Light with Remote Sensor). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Customized Connector Flat GSM Antenna. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. ( 3mm,Modern White Fabric Living Room Secetion Sofa for Hotel Reception) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Hot Sale Desenk Passenger Elevator with Cheap Price.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Smart WiFi Plug APP Control Universal Socket Yet6004wf, regardless of the sensor position.Wmould China Factory High Quality Plastic Mould Parts Component Mbq450 Nitrogen Spring for Plastic Mold. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.China Shandong Juxian Exported Disposable PE Glove: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Stainless Steel Woven Wire Mesh Used for Decorate).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.High Quality Low-Cost Ring Die Pig Feed Pellet Mill. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Plumbing Tools).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,100% Egyptian Cotton Jacquard White Hotel Bedding Sets (DPFB80107).
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Block Yarding Block Oval Eye Double Sheave Pulley Block,10FT Easy Set up Wall Print Tension Fabric Stall Backdrop with Low Price. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Hot Sell 4 Zones Walk-Through Metal Detector Gate Door Frame Metal Detector with Remote Control. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Comfortable Design Body Massage Bath Brush for Dry Brushing.
Harware Elbow Hydraulic Hose Fittings Joints Hose Connector Adapter Air Hose Fittings. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.4-Shelf Heavy Duty Utility Freestanding Ventilated Shelving Unit Storage Rack.
PE Material Roto Moulding Plastic LED Coffee Table. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Lower Price Luxury Waterproof Spc Vinyl Floor Tile. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Lymphedema Lymphatic Drainage Machine Approved by FDA Ce for People Who Suffer From Venous Problem.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
