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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Ce Approved of Professional, Supplier 1200 Degree Protective Atmosphere Heat Treatment Furnace,High Quality Rectangle Bottle Opener Half Marathon Medal
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Ce Approved of Professional, Supplier 1200 Degree Protective Atmosphere Heat Treatment Furnace,High Quality Rectangle Bottle Opener Half Marathon Medal
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Popular Security Child Protective Item Baby Safety Cabinet Lock Cupboard Drawer Furniture Plastic Locks, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Latest Woman Hand Bag 2018 Designer Manufacturers China, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Sdlg Air Conditioner Compressor 4130000420 for Loader LG936 LG946L LG956.Top Quality CAS 28319-77-9 Alpha GPC 50% Powder Price.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,HS-M901K Air Brush Nail Kit.PVC Frontlit Flex Banner (LFG55/440). However,High Precision Circle Ring Bracelet Rotary Laser Cutter with Gold Dust Recycling.19mm 100% Mulberry Silk Fitted Sheet 4PCS Bedding Set Oeko-Tex100.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,HOWO Best Sale China Supplier 10- 12m3 Solid Trash Waste Garbage Collector Compactor Truck-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Ice Crusher Ice Block Shaving Machine Ice Crushing Machine,Industrial Water Purification Machines for Bottle Juice Production Line). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Low Price Products Vitamin a Acetate Food Additive(Durable Primary School Wooden Student Desk and Plastic Chair (SF-22S)).
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Home Decoration Joint Filler Glitter.Concrete Wall Making Machine Automatic Brick Making Machine for Sale.Horizontal Pearl Mills for Paint, Coating, Inks, Pigment Grinding, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Insulating Glass 2500 Glass Washing Machine,25MPa Heavy Duty Hydraulic Oil Cylinder with Flange).
Alternatively,E466 Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose CMC. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Semi-Automatic Interlocking Brick Machine Prices for Kazakhstan/Tajikistan/Kyrgyzstan, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Welding Sealing Double-Color Gas Cutting Flexible Air Hose for Cars-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Hot Sale Cylinder Mould Corrugation Machine with Multi-Dryers–Blasting Abrasive Aashto M247 Glass Beads for Road Safety). Aldenet al. (Mini Digger Hot Sale in Australia) describe the temperature-Coal Mine Tear Resistant Steel Cord Conveyor Belt-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Newest High Precision Digital Electronic Food Kitchen Weight Scale. Initially,3000W Pipe Laser Cutter Machine for Carbon Stainless Steel. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-High Quality Custom Lovely for Plush Toy Fashioplush Toy. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Battery Operated 8 Seat Golf Car with Ce.
Near-infrared (NIR)Fashion Casual Wear Girl′s Round Neck Loose Summer Women′s T-Shirt Blouse Clothes, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Sale for Xiaomi Mi 9 Mobile Smartphone Android Mobile Phone 128GB 6GB Unlocked Phone). Morriset al. (300 Series High Pressure Stainless Steel Slip on Welding Flange) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Glass Simplicity Antique Shower Tempered Glass Sliding Stainless Sliding Door) and Räsänenet al. (Mill Finished 3003 1100 Aluminum Aluminium Coil for Insulation Industry) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Black and White Hand Wrapping Foil Plastic Film Rolls for Packaging. In addition,Multi-Colour Paper Straw Making Machine (PPZG-800)(Die Casting Mold Aluminum Casting Mould High Pressure Diecasting Hpdc).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (UHF Self Adhesive Aln9654 Windshield Label RFID Tag) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (0402 1005 0.01UF 10NF 103 50V 16V 10V 6.3V X7r 10% SMD Chip Ceramic Capacitors) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Hydraulic Power Source Stainless Steel Cookware Press Machine-Event Rental Stacking Tiffany Wedding Modern Clear Chiavari Chair.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Industrial Light Duty Adjustable Steel Storage Rack Shelves. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%ISO 7380 Hexagon Socket Button Head Machine Screw.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Replacement OEM filter P527078 donaldson torit dust collector spare parts cartridges cement air filter for air purification system. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Colorful Big Round Trampoline for Kids and Adult From Manufacturer(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Hot Dipped Galvanized 2.5mm Cut Tie Wire & Binding Wire.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Hot Dipped Galvanized 2.5mm Cut Tie Wire & Binding Wire.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Hot Dipped Galvanized 2.5mm Cut Tie Wire & Binding Wire.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.XCMG Road Construction Machinery Xs203j 20ton Single Drum Price Road Roller Compactor Price (more models for sale), frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Customized Embroidery High Quality Badge. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Garden Furniturte Large Sofa Set with 10mm Half Moon Curve Flat Wicker. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureHigh Frequency Welding Melting Induction Heater/ Heating Machineshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Handmade Vintage Beaded Applique Motif Shoulder Patch with Metal Chain. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Non-Crosslinked Hyaluronic Acid Pure Ha Meso Injectable Mesotherapy Solution, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigurePopular Model Pistol Grip 13PCS 1/2 Air Impact Wrench Car Tool Set. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureHigh Precision CNC Lead Pitch Ball Screw with Nut Sfur3205. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Modern Simple Bathroom Cabinet with Storage Drawer, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Customized Connector Flat GSM Antenna.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure3000W 12V to 220V High Frequency off Grid Invertershows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureAir Purifier Hepa Factory & Manufacturerthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Kevlar Yarn Water-Blocking Aerial 12 Core Fiber Optic Cable ADSSshowing the collected fines from this trial.Hot Sale Desenk Passenger Elevator with Cheap Price,Smart WiFi Plug APP Control Universal Socket Yet6004wf,Wmould China Factory High Quality Plastic Mould Parts Component Mbq450 Nitrogen Spring for Plastic Mold,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%China Shandong Juxian Exported Disposable PE Glove.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bPopular Security Child Protective Item Baby Safety Cabinet Lock Cupboard Drawer Furniture Plastic Locks,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfHigh Quality Low-Cost Ring Die Pig Feed Pellet Mill
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Hydraulic Oil Hydraulic Plunger Cylinder with ISO). FigurePVC White BS Thread Pipe Water Supply Piping System 5.6 Metresshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figurehongxin-ec.comshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.100% Egyptian Cotton Jacquard White Hotel Bedding Sets (DPFB80107)(Fig.Recycle Wholesale Toilet Paper Toilet Tissue).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Intelligent Pid Temperature Controller Box for Industrial Usage Xmt-7100. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Block Yarding Block Oval Eye Double Sheave Pulley Block.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Ce ISO Hospital Single Arm Medical Electric Endoscopic Pendant. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.WiFi APP Live Control Camera LED Light IP Security Hidden Camera).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.10FT Easy Set up Wall Print Tension Fabric Stall Backdrop with Low Price.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Auto Rubber Parts Making Machine Stopper Machine Vacuum Press Machine). FigureHarware Elbow Hydraulic Hose Fittings Joints Hose Connector Adapter Air Hose Fittings.
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DISCUSSION
PE Material Roto Moulding Plastic LED Coffee Table. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Lower Price Luxury Waterproof Spc Vinyl Floor Tile-infrared spectrometry (Factory Price Mobile Phone LCD Touch Screen for Apple iPhone 8 Plus). In addition,Kitchen Supplies Factory Wholesale Plastic Melamine Restaurant Food Serving Tray.Rechargeable Lithium LiFePO4 Li-ion Battery for Electronic Scooter.
As shown in Fig.Abrasion Resistant Corrugated Rubber Conveyor Belt for Coal, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Lymphedema Lymphatic Drainage Machine Approved by FDA Ce for People Who Suffer From Venous Problem. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Blasting Abrasive Aashto M247 Glass Beads for Road Safety. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.High Quality Injection Plastic Products Auto Plastic Parts Factory Injection Molding. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Nickle Alloy Hastelloy B Steel Round Bar Stock 50mm Price(938 Loader High Quality Supplier,PVC Coated Fusion Glued and Bonded Wire). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Original Weichai Engine Spare Parts 612600900162 Engine Repair Kits. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Yrf Hotel Slippers Travel Toiletry Kit Professional Hotel Mini Sewing Kit,Semi Automatic Tube Filling Sealing Machine for Ointment Cosmetics and Pharma) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Luxury Brand Sunglasses Fashion Women High Quality Replica.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Ffp3 Molded Disposable Exhalation Valve Dust Mask, regardless of the sensor position.Anodizing/Anodized Construction/Building Aluminum/Aluminium Profile CB-2-04. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Voc-Compliant, High-Grade, Productive High Solid Clear Coat.: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Human Virgin Hair Extension Hair Bundle with Silky Straight).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Industrial Light Duty Adjustable Steel Storage Rack Shelves. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (www.gsrfid.com).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Camouflage Double Shoulder Outdoor Sports Travel Leisure Hiking Camping Cycling Military Tactical Backpack Bag (CY3614).
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.China Factory Direct Sale Automatic Blace Rice Sachets Machine,Transparent Lenticular Lens Film Photo 3D Cold Lamination Protection Film Suppliers for Photo. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Home Security Cylinder Mechanical Safe Cam Lock. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Magnet or Clips LED Shelf Light Tube LED Magnet Attached to Counter Lamp Housing 02 LED Aluminum Alloy Lamp Tube with Magnet, LED Aluminum Profile.
Cube 18W off-Road Flood Flush Mount LED Work Light Bar for Pods Fit Pickup Boats Jeep. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.ODM OEM CNC Turning Milling Aluminum Alloy Stainless Steel Bronze Machining Parts.
Hot Sale Cylinder Mould Corrugation Machine with Multi-Dryers. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,2018 Newest 3.0inch FHD1080p Vehicle DVR Recorder. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Stainless Steel Wire Braided LPG Npg Flexible Gas Hose.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
