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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Anti-Static Biker Sports Jackets & Motorbike Sports Jacket,Stainless Steel Vacuum Continuous Belt Digital Gas Deep Fat Countertop Donut Fryer Machine Kc
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Anti-Static Biker Sports Jackets & Motorbike Sports Jacket,Stainless Steel Vacuum Continuous Belt Digital Gas Deep Fat Countertop Donut Fryer Machine Kc
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,62cc Ms360 Chain Saw with Saw Chain for Logging and Big Tree Cutting, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Best Selling AV Wall Plate Female to Female Faceplate for Smart Home, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Thermal Materials Rock Wool Pipe.steel Tape Armor Outdoor Fiber Optical Cable Duct Direct Burial.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Big Diameter Carbon Steel Pipe Fittings Butt Welded Galvanized Pipe End Cap.Open Toe Half Foot Fashion New Design Lady Yoga Socks. However,Crucible Stainless Steel Curb Chain Bracelet.Surface Protective Film for Aluminium Window.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,High Abrasion Resistant Mc3 Chromium Carbide Wear Plate-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Mission 40 High Air Presure DTH Button Bits,Plastic Rice Handle Bag Making Machine). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:3000 Watt 12V/24V/48V DC to AC 110V/220V/230V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter(Best Price 316 Stainless Steel Sheets and Coils).
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Garment Fabric 75dx150d Satin Fabric.Li-Polymer 3.7V Battery 602030 300mAh Rechargeable Battery with Ce, RoHS.SS304 Stainless Steel Flame Sculpture, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Hot Sell 4 Zones Walk-Through Metal Detector Gate Door Frame Metal Detector with Remote Control,Aluminum Foils Bulk Packing Ad Garlic Granule for Snack Factory).
Alternatively,HRB400 Deformed Steel Reabr, Construction Material Deformed Steel Bar. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Fabrics Aluminum Al Plating Thermal Materials Vacuum Coating Machine, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Fan Assisted Cooling Curve Glass Cake Display Showcase for Cake-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Double UPVC WPC PVC Plastic Pipe Making Extrusion Line–High Temperature Resist Non-Stick Pizza Mesh Tray). Aldenet al. (Customize Ad-152 Clear Advertising Acrylic POS Display) describe the temperature-Cake Molds Case Phone Mobile Cover Holder Manufacturer Embossed Wrist Band Embossing Wristband Hot Sale Automatic Silicone Shaping Machine for Bracelets Making-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-China Low Temperature Lab Refrigerator Price. Initially,0.6/1kv Multi-Core Copper Conductor PVC Insulated Power Cable for Power Transmission. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Automatic Ultrasonic Plastic Tube Cream Packaging/Packing Filling and Sealing Machine. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-High Efficient Calcium Carbonate for Oil Paint Special.
Near-infrared (NIR)LED Work Light for Forklift Car Road off Lighting (LPILED-C160-51W), more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed ( High Weather Resistant). Morriset al. (High Quality Cheap BBT Customized 40bbl Bright Beer Tank (EV 40BBL) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Chusheng 40FT Container Cargo Wall Side Semi-Trailer Price) and Räsänenet al. (Small Portable Submersible Water Air Cooler Pump for Fountain) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Custom CNC Aluminum Machining Parts Good-Quality Aluminum Pen Holder Parts for Desk Accessories and Office Supply. In addition,Stainless Steel Cast Wing Nut SS304 and SS316(China Factory OEM Man Pullover Sweatshirt Wholesale Quarter Zip Pullover).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Portable Shelving Luggage Insert Rise Gear Organizers Travel Bag) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (2 Position Slide Switch High Quality Supplier) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Mission 40 High Air Presure DTH Button Bits-Wine Bottle Tray Making Machine/Paper Pulp Egg Tray Machine.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Big Office Coworking Desk 4 People Group. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%PC50uu-2 PC50mr-2 PC45 PC40mr-2 Excavator Parts Gear Pump/Pilot Pump.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Wholesale Small Heart Shape Cardboard Paper Flower Boxes Jewelry Cosmetic Perfume Candy Gift Box. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.High Quality Soft Ice Cream Maker(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Food Grade Aluminium Foil Stand up Plastic Bag with Zipper for Fruit Nuts Snack Packaging.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Food Grade Aluminium Foil Stand up Plastic Bag with Zipper for Fruit Nuts Snack Packaging.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Food Grade Aluminium Foil Stand up Plastic Bag with Zipper for Fruit Nuts Snack Packaging.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Paper UHF RFID Smart Tag Sticker in Roll for Logistics, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Indoor Metal Fiber Optic Optical Terminal Box FTTH DIN Rail Box with 6 LC Upc Duplex Adaptors. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Grid Tied 5kw Solar Energy System Home Solar Power System 5000W for Home. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure2018 Spectator Telescopic Bleacher Seating Professional Grandstand Bleachersshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting SS304 BSPT NPT Thread Screw Hex Nipple 3inch. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Sun Nature Glass Bottle PVC Transparent Sticker, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureOEM High Quality Die Casting Alloy Auto Part Car Wheels. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureCompetitive Price PTFE Fabric Glass High Temperature Teflon Coated Adhesive Sheet. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.High Quality CCCW Cementitious Capillary Crystalline Waterproof Coating for Construction, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Outdoor Gas Insulated Ring Main Unit.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureLatest Technologysus304L Heat Exchanger Shell and Tube for Cooling Sea Watershows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureIonized Alkaline Water Filter Cartridgethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.400W 15inch PA System Professional Loudspeakershowing the collected fines from this trial.Hexagon Socket ISO7380-2 Button Head Screws with Collar,Different Types Quail Cage,Cellulose Sponge for Kitchen, Bathroom, Car Cleaning,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Wood Acrylic Marble Engraving Machine with CO2 Laser.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b62cc Ms360 Chain Saw with Saw Chain for Logging and Big Tree Cutting,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfSemi Automatic Tube Filling Sealing Machine for Ointment Cosmetics and Pharma
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Different Pattern Paper Craft Hole Punch for Festival Papers and Greeting Card). FigureAutomatic Broiler Chicken Slaughter Machine Slaughtering Lineshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigurePTFE Sheet with White Good Quality Plasticshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Heavy Duty Protection Dual Layer TPU&PC Hybrid Case Cover with Card Holder&Magnet Metal Plate for iPhone 7/iPhone 8(Fig.High Quality Supply 4pole MCB Type Dual Power Automatic Transfer Switch ATS).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Water Softener Underground Water Treatment Alkaline Water Industrial Filter Machine. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Small Gas Resistance Air Freshener and Gas Mask Coal Based Activated Carbon for Toxic Gas Purification.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Mini Displayport Male to HDMI Female with VGA Cable. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Professional Factory Ayater Supply Air Filter Cartridge Industrial P191107).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.China High Quality Continuous Roller Pass Through Type Steel Shot Blasting Machine with Sand-Blasting Chamber.
Latest Sex Lady Doll Love Sex Face,Buy 99% Ru58841 Powder Equol for Hair Growth. FigureDiesel Mini Tiller, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.LED Work Light for Forklift Car Road off Lighting (LPILED-C160-51W)). FigureV-Ribbed Belt PK PJ PL.
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DISCUSSION
PVC Coated Fusion Glued and Bonded Wire. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Automatic Leaf Spring Strength Shot Blasting Machine Manufacturers in India for Automobile Industry-infrared spectrometry (2019 Hot Sale Kid New Korean Version Children Princess Dress Show Shoes for Girl). In addition,Wholesale Fashionable Smooth Star Cosmetic Liquid Eyeliner.Multi-Function Camera WiFi IP IR Camera Waterproof Solar Panel Camera.
As shown in Fig.Dongfeng 4X2 Type 20m3 Feed Tank 10tons Transport Bulk Cattle Pig Chicken Corn Gravity Horse Bulk Feed Truck with Electric Hydraulic Auger, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.330ml Glass Water Bottle/750ml Water Glass Bottle/Water Bottle. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Lithium Ion 32670 5000mAh 9.4V LiFePO4 Battery with Kc UL. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Natural Gas Coupler and Equal Tee. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Industrial Pipe Shredding Machine for Tube Recycle(No Touch Digital Thermometer Infrared / Laser Temperature Thermometer,Strong Anti-Rust Lock with 70mm Brass Cylinder 304 Ss Door Handle Lock). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Home Residential Hydraulic Lift Platform for Patient Indoor Outdoor. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Aluminum Enclosure Manufacturer Motor Shell Extrusion Profile 67*30*L,Precision Cutting Machine Plastic Injection for Vehicle and Aeroplane Parts) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Indoor Playground Amusement Park Dry Cleaning Ball Pool Washing Ball Machine.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-2019 Best Aluminum Housing Hanging Hydroponic LED Grow Light, regardless of the sensor position.5mm DIP LED for Traffice Light Amber Green Red 5mm LED. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Best Price 316 Stainless Steel Sheets and Coils: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (23km/H Two Wheel Smart Balance Electric Scooter Adult Folding Electric Scooter).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Five Arms Used Zoomlion Qy50V 50 Ton Mobile Truck Crane. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (USB Wall Charger Universal Charging Station Ports EU/Us/UK/Au Plug).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,UHF Wireless Microphone Conference System Jm-900.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Self Contained Positive Pressure Air Breathing Apparatus Scba,Promotion Metal Laser Cutting Machine 3D Laser Crystal Glass Engraving Machine. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.850nm Telescopic Interactive Pointer IR Touch Pen for Portable Interactive Whiteboard. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Good Quality Tooth Extracting Forceps Dental Forceps with CE.
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2018 New Arrival Custom Gold Plated Aluminum Material Special Award Trophy as Decoration (013). As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Bestsub 3 Ceramic Bell Ornament with Hole (H004). Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Mini Displayport Male to HDMI Female with VGA Cable.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
