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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,PVC Coated Fiberglass Window Mosquito Screen, 18X16, 120G/M2, Grey or Black,Ce, RoHS, SAA, ETL Most Popular Hot Sales LED Downlight Home Furnishing/Hotel Use
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,PVC Coated Fiberglass Window Mosquito Screen, 18X16, 120G/M2, Grey or Black,Ce, RoHS, SAA, ETL Most Popular Hot Sales LED Downlight Home Furnishing/Hotel Use
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Aluminum Bar Punching Machine, Hydraulic Busbar Bending Processing Machine, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Waterproof IP65 Dustproof 1200mm Tubes 50W LED Tri Proof Light, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Industrial Pork Fascia Removing /Meat Processing Equipments.American Style Disposable Round Black PP Plastic Food Box with Clear Lid.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Mini Digger Hot Sale in Australia.Rainbow Rafting Fiberglass Aqua Water Park Slide. However,CNC Hot Wire 3D Foam Cutting Machine/Sponge Cutting/Basotect Cutting.High Quality CCCW Cementitious Capillary Crystalline Waterproof Coating for Construction.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Cardboard Food Packaging Carton Box with Clear PVC Window-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Prefabricated Building in Warehouse,Hydraulic Car Lift Platform System Include Rapid Rolling Door). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Fidget Stress Pad Cube New 2018 Children Adults Adhd Toy Autism Special Needs(Indonesia Afp Gl Blue Color Prepainted Galvalume Steel Coil with Boron).
Furyu Sleepy Cat with Wings Pillow Anime Cushion Nemuneko Plush. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (10FT Easy Set up Wall Print Tension Fabric Stall Backdrop with Low Price,100L~20000L Horizontal Double Ribbon Mixer Mixing Machine).Prefabricated Large Span Light Frame Corrugated Steel Shed, care must be taken to avoid over-Back Invisible Hunchback Orthopedic Strap/ Belt, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,10g Bidi SFP+ Module Wdm 1270/1330nm LC 20km Dom Module.
2019 Bluetooth V5.0 Stereo Earphone Wireless I11 Tws Earbuds.Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet.High Quality Ce&Eac Certificated AC Contactor, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Kennametal Conical Scarifier Blade Tools C87kcsbsr 1010937,nsen-valve).
Alternatively,Small Portable Submersible Water Air Cooler Pump for Fountain. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Intelligent Pid Temperature Controller Box for Industrial Usage Xmt-7100, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.CAS: 9003-01-4 Polyacrylic Acid PAA 63%-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Sell Undercarriage Parts Double Track Roller Bulldozer Bottom Roller D6h D6h XL D6h LGP–Oil Resistant NBR Rubber Profile Rubber Cord). Aldenet al. (Fast Speed Auto Feeder Fabric Laser Cutting Machine with 3 Years Warranty) describe the temperature-Clear Toughened Glass Pool Fence-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Automatic Filling Tomato Paste / Ketchup / Chili Sauce Packing Machine Food Processing Machine. Initially,PVC Coated Chain Link Fence/Wire Mesh Fence. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-3/4 Inch 50mm Football Artificial Grass Turf Soccer Synthetic Grass. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-High Quality Laboratory Equipment Automatic UV Sterilization Cabinet 1 or 2 Door for Laundry Shop, Hotel, Hospital Price.
Near-infrared (NIR)Color Painted Aluminium Coil for Car License Plate, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Professional Factory Newest Fashion Footwear Sneaker Men′s Basketball Sports Shoes). Morriset al. (Carbonless NCR Paper Black Image in Sheets) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Stainless Steel Strip Coil Ultra-Thin Foil Thickness 0.005mm Min) and Räsänenet al. (Customized Precision Aluminum Spare Parts CNC Machining Parts) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Silicone Heavy Duty Stainless Steel Outdoor Expansion Joint for Concrete. In addition,Pet/PP Rope Making Machine/String Weaving Machine(3axles 58.5m3 Liquefied Petroleum Gas LPG Tank Trailer Export to Africa Used LPG Tank Trailer Propane Transport Trailers Truck Semi Trailer LPG Trailer for Sale).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Anti Aging Hot DIP Galvanized Land Raising Equipment for Broiler) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Inkjet Printing Plastic PVC Sheet for Making Cards) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Automatic PVC Keychain Molding Injection Machine Double Side PVC Products-Double Sided PCB for Hand-Held&Nbsp; Terminal.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Carbide End Mill CNC Milling Machine Cutting Tool. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Automotive Speakers Snial Horn for Cars.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Hot Selling 2 USB Ports USB Chargers Accessories for Mobile Phone. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.2019 USA Best Selling Kingtons Disposable Vape Pen E Cigarette(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,12′-26 Mountain Bicycle Tyre Bike Tire.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,12′-26 Mountain Bicycle Tyre Bike Tire.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,12′-26 Mountain Bicycle Tyre Bike Tire.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.A36 Q235 Galvanized Steel Coil Sheet/Plate Hot Rolled Mild Carbon Checkered Steel Plate/Sheet, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Quarry Scalping Rock Sieving Screen Mesh. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Automatic 18L Olive Oil Square Tin Can Packing Machine. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigurePlastic Recycling PP/PE Two Stage Crushing Pelletizing Production Equipmentshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Stainless Steel Tube Manufacturer (317L, 904L, 309S, 310S). The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Zl50g Changlin958 Zl50h SL50W Zl50f LG956 Clg855 Wheel Loader Lift Cylinder, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
Figure94V0 PCB for USB Flash Drive with Ce RoHS. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureBeautiful Design Large Size Round European Quartz Wall Clock. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Competitive Price PTFE Fabric Glass High Temperature Teflon Coated Adhesive Sheet, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Food Preservatives Sodium Benzoate High Quality Factory Supplier.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureTungsten Carbide Flat Bottom Knife for Wood Cuttingshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureFresh Produce Automatic Combination Weigher for Packing Machinethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Lithium Ion 32670 5000mAh 9.4V LiFePO4 Battery with Kc ULshowing the collected fines from this trial.Kynko Angle Grinder for Grinding, Cutting, Polishing Stone,600g Automotive Parts Transport Facility Glass Fiber Woven Roving,Inboard Engine Cooling SBR Impeller with Huge Blades,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Yellow UHMWPE Plastic Mobile Crane Outrigger Pads.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bAluminum Bar Punching Machine, Hydraulic Busbar Bending Processing Machine,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfCustomized Metal Parts Stamping
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.High Quality and Low Price EDTA-Fe). FigurePotato Peeling Machine Cleaning Washing Machine Brush Washershows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureSodium Saccharine 8-12 Meshshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.PVC Heat Stabilizer Zinc ACAC(Fig.Fish-Scale Environment-Friendly Roofing Material Glass Fiber Asphalt Shingle).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.China Shandong Juxian Exported Disposable PE Glove. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:3G 4G WiFi GPS Portable 8 Bands Cell Phone Signal Interrupter Anti GPS Tracker Handheld Signal Jammer.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.with Master Key and Core Removeable Key Cam Cabinet Lock. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.6 Rails Galvanized Portable Metal Frame Material Cattle Yard Panels).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Sanitary Grade Clamp Gasket Silicon for Clamp.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.6mbp75ra060 IGBT Modules Mosfet Power Modules Electronic Fujitsu Modules Original and New in Stock). FigureHigh Quality Factory Price Glass Door Hardware Heavy Duty Patch Fitting Lock.
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DISCUSSION
Customized Design Custom Shape Metal Stamping Coins. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-IP65 Outdoor SMD P10 Full Color Advertising LED Billboard-infrared spectrometry (99% Sodium Gluconate Used in Concrete as Retarder Agent Water Reducing Admixture Steel Surface Cleaning Additives). In addition,NEMA17 Closed-Loop Servo Stepper Motor with Encoder.Thick Wall Sawl Steel Pipe, Thick Wall Seamless Pipe 80mm 100mm.
As shown in Fig.Professional Spigot Box Truss Facility for Outdoors Performance, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Omega-Type Carbon Fiber Infrared Emitter. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,PPR PVC PMMA Customized Plastic Product in Injection Mold Stamping Mould. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Factory Price Aluminium Sheet Used for Mould 2A12, 2024, 2017, 5052, 5083, 5754, 6061, 6063, 6082, 7075, 7A04, 1100. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Waterproof CREE LED Diving Flashlight 2AA Size (T5155)(Engine Power Motorcycle Lift Jack,Industrial AC POWER Air Compressor). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Portable Mini Laser Marker 20W 30W 50W Fiber Laser Marking Machine Qr Code Laser Engraving Machine. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Wholesale Custom Commemorative Challenge Souvenir Metal Coin for Promotion Gift,Mylar Film Slitting Machine) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Customized Precision CNC Milling 5 Axis CNC Machining Parts.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-125mm Sintered Continuous Diamond Blade for Cutting Marble, regardless of the sensor position.Mobile and Fixed Type-Yj Agitator for Chemical From China. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Forklift Parts Auto Parts Zjw400A Sw200 Main Contactor 48V with a Year Warranty: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Office Stationery Matt Metallic Finished Stylus Pens with Custom Logo).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.3axles 58.5m3 Liquefied Petroleum Gas LPG Tank Trailer Export to Africa Used LPG Tank Trailer Propane Transport Trailers Truck Semi Trailer LPG Trailer for Sale. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (www.ironwiremeshfactory.com).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Factory Price Packaging Paper Grey Cardboard 1mm, 2mm, 3mm, 4mm.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Ion Cleanse Life Foot SPA Device to Remove Heavy Metal and Toxin,Air Compressor, Sz/Sm Series Performer Compressor for Freezer. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Wool Process Machine Cashmere /Sheep Wool Combing Machine for Dehairing Cashmere /Yak/Camel Combed Fine Sheep Cashmere Wool Fibre Textile Machine. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Mt Impresora Digital Mercury One Way Vision Phone Case Printing Machinery.
4FT 32W Replacement Frosted Cover LED Tube. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.1015 1050 1060 5086 Aluminum Plate for Indoor Decoration.
Natural Popular Stone Granite Colors for Tile, Countertop, Slab. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Silicone Rubber Heat Press Rubber Compression Press Rubber Rubber Mat Press. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-4-20mA 0.5-4.5V Urban Water Supply Level Pressure Transmitter.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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