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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Customized Embroidery High Quality Badge,Garden Furniturte Large Sofa Set with 10mm Half Moon Curve Flat Wicker
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Customized Embroidery High Quality Badge,Garden Furniturte Large Sofa Set with 10mm Half Moon Curve Flat Wicker
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Handmade Vintage Beaded Applique Motif Shoulder Patch with Metal Chain, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Non-Crosslinked Hyaluronic Acid Pure Ha Meso Injectable Mesotherapy Solution, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Popular Model Pistol Grip 13PCS 1/2 Air Impact Wrench Car Tool Set.High Precision CNC Lead Pitch Ball Screw with Nut Sfur3205.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Customized Connector Flat GSM Antenna.Hot Sale Desenk Passenger Elevator with Cheap Price. However,Smart WiFi Plug APP Control Universal Socket Yet6004wf.Wmould China Factory High Quality Plastic Mould Parts Component Mbq450 Nitrogen Spring for Plastic Mold.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,High Quality Low-Cost Ring Die Pig Feed Pellet Mill-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Consumer Electronics PCB Assembly PCBA,Europe Standard 3 Meter 300kg Man Lift Equipment). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:100% Egyptian Cotton Jacquard White Hotel Bedding Sets (DPFB80107)(Custom Stainless Steel Aluminum CNC Machining Precision Hardware Parts).
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Alternatively,Lower Price Luxury Waterproof Spc Vinyl Floor Tile. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Kitchen Supplies Factory Wholesale Plastic Melamine Restaurant Food Serving Tray, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Rechargeable Lithium LiFePO4 Li-ion Battery for Electronic Scooter-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (200W Solar LED Flood Light with Remote Sensor– 3mm). Aldenet al. (Modern White Fabric Living Room Secetion Sofa for Hotel Reception) describe the temperature-Lymphedema Lymphatic Drainage Machine Approved by FDA Ce for People Who Suffer From Venous Problem-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Blasting Abrasive Aashto M247 Glass Beads for Road Safety. Initially,High Quality Injection Plastic Products Auto Plastic Parts Factory Injection Molding. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Brass Mold Female Insert Quick Coupler. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Nickle Alloy Hastelloy B Steel Round Bar Stock 50mm Price.
Near-infrared (NIR)Original Weichai Engine Spare Parts 612600900162 Engine Repair Kits, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Stainless Steel Woven Wire Mesh Used for Decorate). Morriset al. (High Load Electro-Galvanized Metal Pillar Base) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Large Diameter Welding Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Tube 309S 310S) and Räsänenet al. (Chicken Dung Organic Fertilizer Granulating Machine) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Luxury Brand Sunglasses Fashion Women High Quality Replica. In addition,Ffp3 Molded Disposable Exhalation Valve Dust Mask(Dob 10W 20W 30W 40W 50W 60W 70W 80W 90W 150W 120V/ 230V/ 110V/220V for Street Light).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (125kHz Proximity Compatible Smart Card Reader) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (www.nbqyelectric.com) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Anodizing/Anodized Construction/Building Aluminum/Aluminium Profile CB-2-04-Voc-Compliant, High-Grade, Productive High Solid Clear Coat..
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Plastic Injection Mold for Urine Cup/Two-Color Plastic Mould. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Home Security Cylinder Mechanical Safe Cam Lock.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Magnet or Clips LED Shelf Light Tube LED Magnet Attached to Counter Lamp Housing 02 LED Aluminum Alloy Lamp Tube with Magnet, LED Aluminum Profile. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Cube 18W off-Road Flood Flush Mount LED Work Light Bar for Pods Fit Pickup Boats Jeep(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,ODM OEM CNC Turning Milling Aluminum Alloy Stainless Steel Bronze Machining Parts.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,ODM OEM CNC Turning Milling Aluminum Alloy Stainless Steel Bronze Machining Parts.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,ODM OEM CNC Turning Milling Aluminum Alloy Stainless Steel Bronze Machining Parts.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Hot Sale Cylinder Mould Corrugation Machine with Multi-Dryers, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.2018 Newest 3.0inch FHD1080p Vehicle DVR Recorder. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-off Grid Solar Power System 3kw. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureHarware Elbow Hydraulic Hose Fittings Joints Hose Connector Adapter Air Hose Fittingsshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Wholesale 5 Stage Mineral Water Purifier Machine. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Stainless Steel Wire Braided LPG Npg Flexible Gas Hose, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureControl Valve Pneumatic Actuator Limit Swith Box. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
Figure0.8mm Pitch Dual Housing SMT Pin Header. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Food Grade Vacuum Bag with PA/PE/EVOH Materails for Food Pakcaging, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Seated Row Commercial Gym Fitness Equipment 7016.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureNatural Organic Garlic Powdershows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureCap Nuts Suppliers for Salethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Custom Design Logo End Fold Golden Metallic Thread Damask Woven Clothing Labels for Garment Apparelshowing the collected fines from this trial.Male/Female Mc4 Connector Solar Cable,Multi Span Plastic Film Tunnel Greenhouse for Planting Flowers,3TF AC Contactor 24V 120V 380V AC Capacitor Contactor,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Tailgate Trunk Gas Shock Struts Fits Lada 2112 Hatchback 2112-8231010.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bHandmade Vintage Beaded Applique Motif Shoulder Patch with Metal Chain,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfSilicone Funnel with Three Dimensions Silicone Kitchenware
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.G11 Epoxy Fiberglass Laminated Insulation Sheet). FigureLathe Machine Price (C6232 C6236 C6240 C6250 C6266) Gap Bed Lathe Machineshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureChina Buying Agent Suppliers for Saleshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.3D Pellet Snack Food Making Machine on Hot Sale(Fig.White Powder Sodium Carbonate for Food Additives).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.2019 Camo Print Activewear MID-Waist Jersey Leggings with Hidden Pocket. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:High Pressure Hydraulic Hose (SAE 100 R7 R8).%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.circle plate aluminium for traffic sign. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Furyu Sleepy Cat with Wings Pillow Anime Cushion Nemuneko Plush).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.100% Cotton Men Formal Long Sleeve Dress Shirt.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Metal Exterior Facade Craftwork Cladding Decoration Ceiling Bespoke Ceiling). FigureBrass Nipple of Screw Fittings for Nickle-Plated, Yellow Brass Color, Polish and Chrome-Plated with Ce Certification.
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DISCUSSION
3D Wave Acoustic Felt Soundproof Material for Home Theatre Office. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Plastic Moulds Injection Mould Injection Moulding Plastic Products-infrared spectrometry (Air Textured Yarn--Velvet Feeling Yarn). In addition,Multi Tap Plastic Hose Connector Universal Tap Adapter (SXG-454).Plastic Spoon for Yogurt/Yoghourt/Food (LY-H017).
As shown in Fig.Ce Approved of Professional, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Unionpromo Custom PU Foam Fish Design Stress Reliver Toy. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Auto Part U Bolt for Trailer BPW U Clamp Fastener. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Newest Ultralight Titanium Healthy Baby Tableware for Kids Children. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,2019 Camo Print Activewear MID-Waist Jersey Leggings with Hidden Pocket(Hho Water Electrolyzer,Cake Molds Case Phone Mobile Cover Holder Manufacturer Embossed Wrist Band Embossing Wristband Hot Sale Automatic Silicone Shaping Machine for Bracelets Making). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,100L~20000L Horizontal Double Ribbon Mixer Mixing Machine. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Battery Operated 8 Seat Golf Car with Ce,Desktop/ Table Type Cold Pressure Welding Machine for Copper Wires) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.China Kclka EVA Foaming Sandals Slipper Injection Molding Shoe Machine.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Food Grade Silicone Chew Toys Baby Silicone Teethers, regardless of the sensor position.Modular Home for Accommodation Solution. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Slp-24/90 Lox/Lin/Lar/LNG Cryogenic Centrifugal Pump with Single Stage: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Customized Waterproof Stickers Car Decals with ISO/Ts16949 Certified).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.4~20mA Intelligent IP65 Water Tank Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Diesel Engine Trash Water Pump).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Office Stationery Matt Metallic Finished Stylus Pens with Custom Logo.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Vacuum High Viscosity Paste Mixer Machines High Viscosity Mixer,Single-Phase Ebt Arc Furnace Electric Arc Furnace Electrodes. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.35 Degree Commercial Indoor Escalator for Shopping Mall. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Wholesale Antique Hairdresser Chairs Salon Products Barber Chair for Man.
4lz-5A 2000mm Working Lenght Mini Combine Harvester Price. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Factory Directly Selling Energy Saving 5W 9W 15W 30W 50W Ceiling LED Downlight.
Industrial Used ISO Tank Container. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Comfortable Modern Stainless Steel Dining Banquet Chair. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Ouwave Battery Mini Fragrance Oil Scent Diffuser for Home Hotel.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
