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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,D-Shape*16 Wax Discs for Amanngirrbach Ceramill,0.12-1.2mm Size of Plain Galvanized Gi Roofing Steel Coil
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,D-Shape*16 Wax Discs for Amanngirrbach Ceramill,0.12-1.2mm Size of Plain Galvanized Gi Roofing Steel Coil
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Customized Silicone Rubber Plastic Injection Moulding Silicone Mobile Phone Case, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Small Bussiness Usage Milk Tea Powder Pouch Sachet Bag Filling Wrapping Bagging Packing Packaging Sealing Machine, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.a-Grade Cell Transparent 200W Mono Solar Panel with Best Price.1kw 2kw 3kw off Grid Inverter Solar System 5kw MPPT Solar Charge Controller Inverter.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,China Aluminum/Aluminium Foil for Adhesive Tape A1235-O 20 Mircons.Yangtze Mini Design Wind Turbine and Solar Panel Hybrid System 1000W. However,Tire Gauge Tire Pressure Gauge Inflator.Disposable PP/SMS Protective Coverall Workwear.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,42 Inch Floor Standing Digital Signage LED Advertising-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Oxygen O2 Gas Sensor Detector Trace Oxygen Measurements 0-1% Highly Sensitive RoHS Miniature,Galvanized Tower Telecom Antenna Pylon Tower). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:PU/PUR/PIR Insulated Sandwich Panel(9oz 12oz 16 Oz Stainless Steel Insulated Coffee Mug Double Layer Swig Eggshell Cup with Handle).
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Alternatively,Wholesale Small Drawstring Bags Custom Logo Promotional Bag. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.3000W 12V to 220V High Frequency off Grid Inverter, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Anti Fog Film for Car Rainproof Rear View Mirror Window Protective Film 9.5cm in Diameter Round and Elliptical-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Luxury Toughened Glasss Panel High Temperature Enclosure Fire Retardant ABS APP / Touch Control WiFi Smart Wall Switch–China Strength Fitness Equipment Back Extension & Abdominal Isolator 8084). Aldenet al. (Ml-1800 Hand Feed Carton and Paper Die Punching & Creasing System for Boxes Machine) describe the temperature-Sliding Door Roller/POM Roller/Sliding Shower Door Roller-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Mud Pump Spare Parts/Crude Oil Drilling Machine /Bi-Metal Sleeve. Initially,White Powder Sodium Carbonate for Food Additives. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Customized PVC Floor Carpet Car Mat Machinery. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-WiFi APP Live Control Camera LED Light IP Security Hidden Camera.
Near-infrared (NIR)Diameter 5-300mm Pure PTFE Rod for Sale, PTFE Part, PTFE Rod, PTFE Molded Sheet, China PTFE Teflon Rod Wholesalers, Teflon Rod, PTFE Stick, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed ( 19kw). Morriset al. (cnuneed.com) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Fiberglass Small Fishing Boat High Speed Boat for 8 Person) and Räsänenet al. (20FT Sandwich Panel Container House for Office Building) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Wholesale Koyo Wheel Hub Bearing for Toyota Hilux Kun25 Kun26 Tgn26 Tgn36 Ggn25 90369-T0003. In addition,Single Elastic Nylon Hairnets Disposable Medical Net Caps(510 Plus Key Press Battery & USB Preheat Vape Pen Batteries 180mAh 510 Thread Battery Three Levels Variable Voltage for Cbd Thc Vape).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (High Pressure Hydraulic Hose (SAE 100 R7 R8)) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (30 Layers Blue Safety Equipment Sticky Mat) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Ultrasonic Welding Equipment for Truck Batteries Sealing-Colorful Silicone Watch Band Bracelet Strap 38mm 42mm for Apple Watch 1/2/3/4.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Cjtouch TFT LCD Touch Screen Monitor Cheap 10.4 Inch LED Touchscreen Monitor for POS. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Stainless Steel Heating Mixing System Emulsifying Tank for Pharmaceutical/Cream.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Kiddie Rides Small Amusement Portable Roller Coaster Equipment. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.EVA Slipper Injection Moulding Machine(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Factory Price Massage Balance Pad, TPE Balance Pad, Balance Training.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Factory Price Massage Balance Pad, TPE Balance Pad, Balance Training.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Factory Price Massage Balance Pad, TPE Balance Pad, Balance Training.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Wooden Student Chair Library Reading Chair, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Junyuan Heart Shape Lady Hand Makeup Bag for Women. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-P10 Electronic Waterproof Outdoor Mobile LED Screen. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureAutomobile Fuseshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Production Export High Quality Angle Steel Telecom Tower. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Hydraulic Oil Hydraulic Plunger Cylinder with ISO, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureFloor Decoration PVC WPC Free Foam/Foaming Sheet/Board/Panel Extrusion Machinery. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
Figure12PCS Cr-V Screwdriver with Magnetic Slotted and Bits Electricians. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Oil Resisitance Rubber Packer for Oilfield and Sour Gas Applications, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Hydraulic Boom Cylinder for Mobile Crane.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureWaterproof Hot Sale Transparent Window Membrane Overlay Panel Ophthalmic Lensshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureDie Casting Plantsthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Lt8003u/Lt8005u High Performance UV Laser Marking Printershowing the collected fines from this trial.24V Electric Control Pn16 3PC Flanged Ball Valve,Auto Spare Parts/Wheel Hub Bearing Accessories/Car Parts for Chery (T11-3301210BA),Germany Quick Coupler for Rubber Air Hose,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%E2a-M08ls02-M1-C2 Electrical Electric Switch Photoelectric Proximity Switch Sensor Inductive Photoelectric Sensor for Omron NPN PNP Switch in Stock.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bCustomized Silicone Rubber Plastic Injection Moulding Silicone Mobile Phone Case,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfColorful Outdoor Camping Sport Large Capacity Tritan Plastic Shaker Water Bottles
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Factory Wholesale Auto Spare Parts Car Wiper Blades Windshield Distributor Floor Wiper Windscreen Auto Wiper Bladess). FigureHot Dipped Galvanized Round Steel Pipe / Gi Pipe Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Galvanised Tube for Constructionshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureMgla20 Master Alloys Supplier & Factoryshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Wholesale Sport Shirt Army T-Shirt Cotton Polo Shirt(Fig.Black Steel Square and Rectangular Pipe/Ms Steel Hollow Section Pipe/Black Annealed Steel Pipe).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.62cc Ms360 Chain Saw with Saw Chain for Logging and Big Tree Cutting. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:(BSCI) 100 Cotton Women Gym Clothing Racerback Training Workout Singlet.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.2018 New Arrival Custom Gold Plated Aluminum Material Special Award Trophy as Decoration (013). The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Most Popular 200watt Modified Sine Wave Power Car Inverter).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.High Speed 27-Head Quilting Embroidery Machine.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.100% Cotton Men Formal Long Sleeve Dress Shirt). FigureAnti-Static Biker Sports Jackets & Motorbike Sports Jacket.
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DISCUSSION
62cc Ms360 Chain Saw with Saw Chain for Logging and Big Tree Cutting. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Best Selling AV Wall Plate Female to Female Faceplate for Smart Home-infrared spectrometry (Peel and Stick Self Adhesive PVC Vinyl Flooring Tile for Building Material). In addition,Thermal Materials Rock Wool Pipe.steel Tape Armor Outdoor Fiber Optical Cable Duct Direct Burial.
As shown in Fig. Manual, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Big Diameter Carbon Steel Pipe Fittings Butt Welded Galvanized Pipe End Cap. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Open Toe Half Foot Fashion New Design Lady Yoga Socks. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Crucible Stainless Steel Curb Chain Bracelet. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Focusun High Efficiency Containerized Brine Block Ice Machine(Ppr Fittings Revit Family,CNC Plasma 1530 1325 Machine Stainless Steel Router). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,High Abrasion Resistant Mc3 Chromium Carbide Wear Plate. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. ( Anchor Clamp,High Quality Stainless Steel Glass Door Fittings Mirror Nail) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.3000 Watt 12V/24V/48V DC to AC 110V/220V/230V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-High-Quality Construction Sandwich Plate Steel Prefabricated Container Workshop, regardless of the sensor position.10W/13W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Light for Coffee Shop/Cafe/Restaurant. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Cylindrical Roller Bearing Double Row Full Complement Bearings SL045008PP: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Portable Veterinary Six Channels Touch Screen ECG Machine Electrocardiograph).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.MPET Aluminum Metallized Polyester Film for Capacitor Use 1.9um. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (www.fessiecookware.com).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Garment Fabric 75dx150d Satin Fabric.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Li-Polymer 3.7V Battery 602030 300mAh Rechargeable Battery with Ce, RoHS,SS304 Stainless Steel Flame Sculpture. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.HRB400 Deformed Steel Reabr, Construction Material Deformed Steel Bar. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Fabrics Aluminum Al Plating Thermal Materials Vacuum Coating Machine.
Fan Assisted Cooling Curve Glass Cake Display Showcase for Cake. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Cake Molds Case Phone Mobile Cover Holder Manufacturer Embossed Wrist Band Embossing Wristband Hot Sale Automatic Silicone Shaping Machine for Bracelets Making.
China Low Temperature Lab Refrigerator Price. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,0.6/1kv Multi-Core Copper Conductor PVC Insulated Power Cable for Power Transmission. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-LED Work Light for Forklift Car Road off Lighting (LPILED-C160-51W).
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Acknowledgments
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References
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