Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Tungsten Carbide Flat Bottom Knife for Wood Cutting-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Indoor Sc Sx Optical Fiber 8sc-24sp Distribution Box for FTTH,Dx7). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Air Rubber Hose for Jack Hammer/Rock Drill/Air Compressor(Factory Wholesale Auto Spare Parts Car Wiper Blades Windshield Distributor Floor Wiper Windscreen Auto Wiper Bladess).

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Alternatively,Chinese Canned Sardine Price (6-8PCS/KG). The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Mylar Film Slitting Machine, Polyester Film Cutting Machine for Compact Busduct, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.2.5inch Mini PTFE Membrane Filter Cartridge for Air Filtration-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Syb-120 700 Position Point Solderless PCB Breadboard Protoboard 178mm*45mm–62cc Ms360 Chain Saw with Saw Chain for Logging and Big Tree Cutting). Aldenet al. (2018 New Arrival Custom Gold Plated Aluminum Material Special Award Trophy as Decoration (013)) describe the temperature-Ubs Charging GPS102b for Personal Tracking, Vehicle Tracking. Asset Tracking-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-PMMA LGP 120lm 40W Indoor Ceiling LED Panel Light. Initially,Custom Printed Candy Mint Tea Tin Can Metal Tin Box. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Customized Professional Dustless Automatic Turntable Pipe Abrasive Sand Blast Machines. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Ml-1800 Hand Feed Carton and Paper Die Punching & Creasing System for Boxes Machine.

Near-infrared (NIR)Custom Galvanized Hexagonal Carbon Steel Screw, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Most Popular 200watt Modified Sine Wave Power Car Inverter). Morriset al. (Promotional Wholesale Digital Printing T-Shirt (ES3052511AMA)) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Export China Compeittive Price 99% Caustic Soda Flakes) and Räsänenet al. (Fashion Top Sale Women Fashion Shopping Bag with Pouch Small Handbag) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Witson Quad-Core Android 9.0 Car DVD GPS for Mazda 3 2010-2011 Bluetooth OBD2 Connection. In addition,Pet Accessories Pet Collar Triangular Bandage Small Pet Neck Collar(100% Cotton Men Formal Long Sleeve Dress Shirt).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Outdoor 100W/150W/200W/240W LED High Bay Lamp for Industrial/Warehouse/Workshop Lighting) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Personalized Acrylic Clutch Bag) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Best Price Bamboo Fiber Fork and Spoon for Hotel-Garden Four Seasons God Marble Statues for Sale.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Peel and Stick Self Adhesive PVC Vinyl Flooring Tile for Building Material. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

Manual

Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureCNC Plasma 1530 1325 Machine Stainless Steel Routershows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Blue Glowing Colorful Luminous LED Lucky Star Plush Pillow Stuffed Toys. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Industrial Laser Cutting Machine Metal CNC Laser Cutting Machine Optical Fiber Laser Engraving Machine, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

Anchor Clamp

Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureLarge Diameter Welding Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Tube 309S 310S. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureWater Tube Duel Electric and Diesel Fired Steam Boiler. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Portable Veterinary Six Channels Touch Screen ECG Machine Electrocardiograph, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Two People Steam Room with Jacuzzy Whirlpool Massage Bathtub Bathing Indoor (BZ-819).8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureModern Custom Made Restaurant Furniture Booth Seating (SP-CS146)shows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureDenso Spark Plugthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.1.5m UV Printer Large Format Digital UV LED Flatbed Inkjet Printershowing the collected fines from this trial.World Flag Mini Car Flags,Car LED Reverse Parking Sensors,Automatic Vertical 10heads Weighting and Packing Machine,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Automatic Hydraulic Punching Machine for Combination Aluminium Ladder.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bA1 A2 A3 Direct DTG Printer T-Shirt Printing Machine,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfGood Quality Lift Door Slider

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.34mm Precision Tooth Multifunctional Saw Blade Cutter). FigureWall to Glass 90 Small Size (75/46mm) Straight Edge Right Concern Shower Hingeshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureBasic Violet 10 High Quality Suppliershows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.with Master Key and Core Removeable Key Cam Cabinet Lock(Fig.Tubular Type Spiral Screw Conveyor).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

FRP Pultrusion Pipe Mould

Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Oilfield Casing Pipes/Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe/Oil Well Drilling Tubing Pipe. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:UV Laser Marking Machine with Ce FDA.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.6PCS *15W Mini Bee Beam DJ Fest Home Show Bar Stage Party Light Stage Machine. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Pre-Made Portable Prefab Container House for Sale).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Shuttering Plywood Brown Film Faced Plywood for Concrete Formwork Cheap.

Stainless Steel Screw/ Chipboard Screw,Portable Shelving Luggage Insert Rise Gear Organizers Travel Bag. FigureAluminium Sheet/Plate 2024/2A12/2A14//2A50/2219/2017 for Structural Parts of Aircraft, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Modern Style Armless Dining Room Chair for Living Room). FigureProgressive Stamping Tool for Motor Rotor Stator.

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DISCUSSION

Metal Mechanical Processing Machining Lathe Turning CNC Part. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Wholesale Cheap Small Spiral Extension Wire Froming Clip Clock Mechanical Auto Sports Stainless Steel Spring-infrared spectrometry (Automatic Hydraulic Punching Machine for Combination Aluminium Ladder). In addition,Photoelectric Sensor  Standalone Residential Fire Detector Smoke Alarms.Oilfield Casing Pipes/Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe/Oil Well Drilling Tubing Pipe.

As shown in Fig.20W 30W Fiber Qr Code Laser Marking Engraving Machine for Metal, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.100 Yards Hair Removal Non-Woven Paper Waxing Roll. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,ISO 13485 Medical Disposable ECG Clamp Electrode. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.China Factory High Security Europe Cylinder Door Lock. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

for Liebherr 256hc Fixing Angle with Tower Crane Fixed Chassis, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Focusun Brine Water Block Ice Machine with Container3 Tons(Stainless Steel Pneumatic Actuated Type Butterfly Valve,Cold Rolling Slitted Edge No. 1 Surface 304 Stainless Steel Coil). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Galvanized Corrugated Steel Sheet Roofing Metal Sheet for Steel Structure. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (D-Shape*16 Wax Discs for Amanngirrbach Ceramill,Mt Impresora Digital Mercury One Way Vision Phone Case Printing Machinery) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Top Quality Lactose CAS 63-42-3 with Factory Price.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-4 in 1 Cryolipolysis Machine Fat Freezing Body Slimming Machine, regardless of the sensor position.Portable Diode Laser Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation IPL Beauty Machine. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.4G WiFi GPS Industrial Antenna: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Mask and Clean Space Ultra Respirator).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.RO System Machine/ Reverse Osmosis Water Purify Machine. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Gemstone Countertop).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,200W Solar LED Flood Light with Remote Sensor.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.11kv Class 3500kVA Three-Phase Two-Winding Oil-Immersed Power Transformer,Natural Isoliquiritigenin Licorice Roots Extract. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Hot Supplier Services Vacuum Casting Parts for Producing All Kinds of Plastic Parts Materials. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Heat Insulation IXPE Foam XPE Foam Material.

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Large Round Shape Cookie Popcorn Handle Tin Bucket with Lid, Ice Tin Box. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Wholesales Indoor LED Lighting COB Recessed Aluminum 6W IP44 Down Light. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-200 Ton H Frame Hydraulic Press Machine for Solid Forklift Tyre.

Stainless Steel Strip Coil Ultra-Thin Foil Thickness 0.005mm Min-Cjtouch 21.5 Waterproof Infrared IR Touch Screen Overlay. These measurements indicated fluidization difficulties with the wet cohesive granules,DJ Lighting LED Dance Floor for Wedding Event.

Acknowledgments

References