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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Precision USB Terminal Stamping Plastic Insert Moulding Mould Maker,Custom Protective Waterproof Silicone Rubber Phone/Electronic Housing/Cover Cases
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Precision USB Terminal Stamping Plastic Insert Moulding Mould Maker,Custom Protective Waterproof Silicone Rubber Phone/Electronic Housing/Cover Cases
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Welcome to Visit Deekon Beret Factory for Officer Beret Cap, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Fast Dry Paper for Digital Printing, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.High-Strength Alloy Housing Aluminum Smart 60X60 40W LED Panl Light.Foska Office Use Hot Sale Heavy Duty Stapler.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Automated Fue Extraction Devices.PVC Sports Hall Flooring Indoor Rubber Gym Floor China Manufacturer. However,Plastic PVC Ceiling Wall Panel/Board Profile Extrusion/Extruder Making Machinery.3.0mm PP Raschel Trailer Net.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Rifle Swing Hydraulic Cylinder-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (GMP Factory Supply Sterile Blended Procaine Penicilline G Hydrate Injection Powder CAS 6130-64-9,100W Silicone Rubber Heater with 3m Adhesive). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Agricultural Film Plastic UV Film Greenhouse Agriculture(Hydraulic Oil Hydraulic Plunger Cylinder with ISO).
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Alternatively,The Plywood Machine Automatic Spindle Veneer Peeling Machine Line. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Brass Water Spray Nozzle Water Garden Hose Nozzle Brass Nozzle, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Ultra Portable 10000mAh Power Banks with LED Smart Displays-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Modern Tufted Restaurant Booth Seating with Button (HD661)–Intelligent Pid Temperature Controller Box for Industrial Usage Xmt-7100). Aldenet al. (Ce ISO Hospital Single Arm Medical Electric Endoscopic Pendant) describe the temperature-42~84 Inches Educational Equipment LCD Touchscreen Touch Screen Interactive Whiteboard-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-1000W 1500W High Precision Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Sheet Metal for Aluminium Stainless Steel Plates and Tubes. Initially,Professional FKM Eco Rubber 5/16 Inch Gasoline Hose. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Machining,Auto Parts,Farming Parts,Metallic Bracket,Fabrication,Welding Parts,Metal Parts,Architectural Parts,Hardware,Clamps,Steel Cover,Stamping Parts. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Issc Bluetooth Module for Bluetooth Headset Wireless Headphone.
Near-infrared (NIR)2019 New Arivals Christmas Gift, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (WiFi APP Live Control Camera LED Light IP Security Hidden Camera). Morriset al. (Bathroom Vanity Modern) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (High Temperature and Humidity Environmental Cycle Test Chamber) and Räsänenet al. (Toilet Tank Fitting for 2 Piece Ceramic) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Abrasion Resistant Corrugated Rubber Conveyor Belt for Coal. In addition,ANSI Class 2 Fluorescent Yellow Orange Red Wholesale Hi Vis Polyester Mesh Reflective Fabric Running Safety Vest with Pocket Zipper(Auto Rubber Parts Making Machine Stopper Machine Vacuum Press Machine).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Custom Connecting Fittings Type Bolt and Fastener) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Cable Cutter) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.201 304 Inox Tube Stainless Steel Pipe and Tube Mirror Polished-Modern White Fabric Living Room Secetion Sofa for Hotel Reception.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Factory Price Mobile Phone LCD Touch Screen for Apple iPhone 8 Plus. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Fan Capacitor 2UF Cbb61 Metallic Polypropylene Film Capacitor 450V.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-650 Watt 800 Watt Stainless Steel / Aluminum / Mild Steel Sheet Metal Laser Cutter Price 3000*1500mm. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Power Supply Marine Series Diesel Generators 130kw(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Dehydrated Garlic Powder in Bulk at Wholesale Price.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Dehydrated Garlic Powder in Bulk at Wholesale Price.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Dehydrated Garlic Powder in Bulk at Wholesale Price.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.High Power 162W CREE LED 4X4 DRL Offroad Work Lights, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.DIN Rail Mounting Double Layer Terminal Block with Ce RoHS (LUKK5). The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Customized Precision Aluminum Spare Parts CNC Machining Parts. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigurePVC Coated Fusion Glued and Bonded Wireshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Grinding Casting Ball/Grinding Media Ball for Mineral Processing. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.LED Light 3D Custom Acrylic Car Sign, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureDisposible Adjustable Adult Child Medial Oxygen Venturi Mask. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigurePetroleum Oil Gasoline Diesel Fuel 1 Inch Fuel Transfer Hose. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Human Virgin Hair Extension Hair Bundle with Silky Straight, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Vertical Liquid Reciever for Refrigeration Units (ZRLC-644).8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureStainless Steel 304 316 EPDM Bonded Sealing Washershows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureNew Products 500ml Plastic Protein Joyshaker Bottle with Blender Mixer Ballthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Fiberglass Fabric High Temperature Cloth for Saleshowing the collected fines from this trial.Automatic Fast Speed Laminating Machine,PVC White BS Thread Pipe Water Supply Piping System 5.6 Metres,LED Arena Light Flood Lighting Soccer Field Stadium Sports Court Light with Dlc UL Ce CB ENEC Eac SAA PSE Nom (300W 400W 500W 600W 750W 950W 1200W),000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%AC Socket 3 Pin C14 Female Mounting Power AC Socket with Switch Hole.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bWelcome to Visit Deekon Beret Factory for Officer Beret Cap,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfProfessional Cardboard Paper Jewelry Gift Packaging Box for Wedding
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.70GSM 80GSM Customize A4 Copy Huijun Paper for Office Supply). FigureLight Roof Prefabricated Steel Structure for Parkingshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure100% Cotton Knitted Reversible Super Soft & Breathable Printed Muslin Baby Blanketshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Best Price Concrete Pigments Iron Oixde Red, Yellow, Green(Fig.Mission 40 High Air Presure DTH Button Bits).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.CNC Machining Precision Customized Mechanical Parts. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Fan Assisted Cooling Single Door Beverage Display Chiller.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Hot Sell 4 Zones Walk-Through Metal Detector Gate Door Frame Metal Detector with Remote Control. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Double UPVC WPC PVC Plastic Pipe Making Extrusion Line).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Modern Simple Kitchen Cupboard TV Cabinet Side Table.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig. High Weather Resistant). FigurePVC Foam Sheets for Composite Sandwich Constructions.
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DISCUSSION
Cosmetic Product Electronic Checkweigher Conveyor Weighing Processing Equipment. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-2 Inch Agricultural Irrigation Honda Engine Gasoline Water Pump (WP20/WP50)-infrared spectrometry (Small Portable Submersible Water Air Cooler Pump for Fountain). In addition,Shanghai Wandeshun Iron Wire Drawing Machine Alloy Wire Drawing Machine.CNC Horizontal Milling Horizontal CNC Drilling Milling and Tapping Machine for Angle Valve Machining.
As shown in Fig.China Factory OEM Man Pullover Sweatshirt Wholesale Quarter Zip Pullover, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.12124075 Brass Crimp Termian of Assembly Auto Delphi Wire Harness. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Deformed Steel Rebar Round Bar Reinforcing Iron Metal Bar. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Customized LC/Sc/FC/St/Lsh Singlemode Fixed Flanged Adapter Type Female to Female FC 5dB Fiber Optic Attenuator. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,15*4*42 381*101.6*42 All Terrain Vehicle Track Asv Track for Terex PT60 Caterpillar 247 257(Plastic Grass Carpet and Artificial Grass Landscape,Portable Shelving Luggage Insert Rise Gear Organizers Travel Bag). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Tray Type Activated Carbon Air Filter. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Big Office Coworking Desk 4 People Group,16 Oz Pint Glass / Mixing Glass for Water or Soft Drinks) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Plastic Touch Screen Door Exit Push Release Button Switch.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Best Seller Vibrating Male Masturbation Sex Doll Adult Sex Toys Black Masturbation Cup Masturbator Realistic Sex Dolls, regardless of the sensor position.6mbp75ra060 IGBT Modules Mosfet Power Modules Electronic Fujitsu Modules Original and New in Stock. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Good Quality ASTM Standard 2017A Aluminium Alloy Plate: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (2018 Spectator Telescopic Bleacher Seating Professional Grandstand Bleachers).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Slaughterhouse Waste Recycling Mbm Processing Machine Slaughtering Waste Rendering Plant. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (High Speed PP /HIPS /PE Plastic Single-Layer Sheet Extrusion Line Sheet Board Making Machine (PPSJ90/33-750mm)).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Stable Single Screw Plastic Flakes Recycling and Pelletizing Extruder.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Commercial Bakery Conveyor Pizza Baking Oven,Excellent Design Long Life Span Metal Building Construction. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Road Black or Red Belgium Rubber Speed Cushion/Speed Cushion. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Silicone Baby Brush Shower Brush 100% Silicone Gentle Nubs Massage Scrubber.
Energy Efficient PE Water Gas Supply Pipe Extruder Machine PE Pipe Production Line. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Lyz-5120 120W 8 Aluminium Outdoor Column Speaker Series.
Wholesale Price Colled Rolled ASTM / AISI / SUS / GB / DIN / JIS 904L Super Mirror Stainless Steel Sheet. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Free Sample Hardfaced Flux Cored Weld Wire for Overlap Welding. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-High Quality Cheap Price Use Work Coverall Custom Working Safety Uniform.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
