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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Carbon Steel Standard Tube Fitting Union Tee,Most Popular 200watt Modified Sine Wave Power Car Inverter
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Carbon Steel Standard Tube Fitting Union Tee,Most Popular 200watt Modified Sine Wave Power Car Inverter
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Outdoor 500ml Plastic Sport Shaker Water Bottle for Protein (HDP-0345), and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,160lm/W 1200W LED Stadium Sport High Mast Flood Light, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Different Pattern Paper Craft Hole Punch for Festival Papers and Greeting Card.Centrifugal Open Impeller Paper Sugar Stock Flushing Water Pump.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,(shuangniu) HPMC Manufacturers, Methocel, Tylose Construction Grade Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose.Fan Coil Filters, Fan Coil Unit Filters, Ceiling Filters. However,Steel Crimped Wire Mesh, Mining Screen Mesh, Square Wire Mesh.Good Price Factory 75 Series BLDC High Torque Brushless DC Motor.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Ce Vertical Automatic Insulating Double Glazing Glass Machine-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Custom Stainless Steel Aluminum CNC Machining Precision Hardware Parts,High-End Badminton Shuttlecock Training Machine with SGS). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Thick Insulation and Moisture Proof Real Hail Protection Anti Snow Anti Ice Fast Padded Auto Car Cover(Cast or Forged Stainless Steel Lubricated & Sleeve Plug Valve).
for iPhone Low Prices Earpods with Lightning Connector Good Quality. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (Garden Patio Wicker / Rattan Sofa Set - Outdoor Furniture (LN-3029),Aluminum Replacement Cam Gear Cam Pulley).Galvanized Iron Material British Type Hose Clamp Used for Pipe, care must be taken to avoid over-Professional Waterproof IP66 600W Sports Ground LED Football Field Lighting, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,Dimple Plate High Efficiency Heat Exchange Plate Pillow Plate.
ANSI150 Fluorine Lined Butterfly Valve Lug Type.Size 00 Wholesale Bulk Empty Hard Gelatin Capsules.Keno-L102 Good Quality Hologram Strip Label Labeling Machine, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (200W Solar LED Flood Light with Remote Sensor,Motors Gear for The Precision Mold Manufacturing and Injection).
Alternatively,Aluminum Enclosure Manufacturer Motor Shell Extrusion Profile 67*30*L. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Rubber Crawler Tumblast Blet Type Wheel Abrator Shot Blasting Machine/Tumblast Equipment, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Electrostatic Powder Coating Spray Gun (Colo-800D-L2-B)-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures ( 3mm–Modern White Fabric Living Room Secetion Sofa for Hotel Reception). Aldenet al. (Stainless Steel Woven Wire Mesh Used for Decorate) describe the temperature-Semi-Auto Blowing Machine for Pet Bottles Molding Production-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Qt4-22b Color Paver Brick Making Machine Brick Machine Price in India. Initially,High Demand Packaging Protecting BOPP Adhesive Tape. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-8 Nozzles Liquid Filling Equipment. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Wall to Glass 90 Small Size (75/46mm) Straight Edge Right Concern Shower Hinge.
Near-infrared (NIR)Surfing Water Park Hugh Inflatable Slide and Swimming Pool (AQ01229), more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Large Diameter Welding Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Tube 309S 310S). Morriset al. (C15 Braided Fabric Wrapped Power Cable) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Chicken Dung Organic Fertilizer Granulating Machine) and Räsänenet al. (Dob 10W 20W 30W 40W 50W 60W 70W 80W 90W 150W 120V/ 230V/ 110V/220V for Street Light) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.China Factory Price Standard Size Hot Cold Rolled Galvanised Coil. In addition,CNC Machining Precision Customized Mechanical Parts(125kHz Proximity Compatible Smart Card Reader).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Plastic Injection Mold for Urine Cup/Two-Color Plastic Mould) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (LED Guardian Emergency Safety Road Flare Light 4.5V Beacon Flash) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Mitsubishi Jomt080320zzsr-Jm Vp30rt Turning Tool Carbide Insert-Sanitary Butterfly Valve Wafer Butterfly Valve Welded Butterfly Valve.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.100% Guarantee Quality Motorcycle Rubber Inner Tube (100/90-17). The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Customized Precision Auto Spare Turning Metal CNC Aluminum Parts.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-ABS Plastic Shower Water Purifier 5 Functions Massage Shower Head. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Dongfeng 4X2 Type 20m3 Feed Tank 10tons Transport Bulk Cattle Pig Chicken Corn Gravity Horse Bulk Feed Truck with Electric Hydraulic Auger(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,GPS Video 3G Car DVR Camera Video Recording for Car Reversing.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,GPS Video 3G Car DVR Camera Video Recording for Car Reversing.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,GPS Video 3G Car DVR Camera Video Recording for Car Reversing.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.China Textile 133*72 Density 80% Polyester 20% Cotton Lining Fabric, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Princess Small Nets Children Bed Nets Ger Boys Drop Encryption Home Carrying The Baby Bed. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Wholesale 2 Gallon Metal Bucket with Lid. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureLubricating Oilshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Garden Patio Wicker / Rattan Sofa Set - Outdoor Furniture (LN-3029). The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Casting Resin 3D Printing UV Resin Good Quality, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigurePhillips Full Threaded Cross Flat Head Machine Screws. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
Figure450 Ml Metal Thermos Bottle Vacuum Flask Double Wall Water Bottle. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.API DIN JIS Carbon Steel Wcb Basket Strainer with Flange Type, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.PVC Card Cr80 Four Color with Magnetic Strip for Membership.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureCustom Design Logo End Fold Golden Metallic Thread Damask Woven Clothing Labels for Garment Apparelshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureReactor Fermenterthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.40.5kv Truck Type Indoor Hv Vacuum Circuit Breaker/ 33kv Vcbshowing the collected fines from this trial.New Star Swing-Away High Pressure Heat Transfer Press Machine,55 Inch Freestanding Interactive Touch Screen Digital Signage,65 Inch Wind-Cooled Horizontal Screen Wall Hanging Outdoor Advertising Machine All in One PC LCD Touch 1080P LCD Monitor Advertising Display,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Rear Cargo Box Scooter, Motorbike Fast Food Delivery Box.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bOutdoor 500ml Plastic Sport Shaker Water Bottle for Protein (HDP-0345),cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfBaking Machine/ Bakery 5 Trays Electric Heating Convection Bread Pizza Baking Oven
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Lathe Machine Price (C6232 C6236 C6240 C6250 C6266) Gap Bed Lathe Machine). FigureWhite Powder Sodium Carbonate for Food Additivesshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureSteel Tubeshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.DIY Freestyle Airbag BMX Frame Cushion, Inflatable Jump Air Bag for Sale(Fig.WiFi Flat Antenna).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.circle plate aluminium for traffic sign. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:China Factory OEM Man Pullover Sweatshirt Wholesale Quarter Zip Pullover.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Furyu Sleepy Cat with Wings Pillow Anime Cushion Nemuneko Plush. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.10-100mm RoHS VW-1 Heat Shrink Tube Forpower Insulation).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Natural Organic Garlic Powder.
Home Textile Soft Brushed Microfiber Duvet Quilt and Comforter Set,Hardboard for Ceiling Wood Grain. FigureMetal Exterior Facade Craftwork Cladding Decoration Ceiling Bespoke Ceiling, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Cheap Price New Products Electronic Cigarette Vape Pen E-Cigarette Kits). Figure4inch 150lbs CF8 Gate Valve.
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DISCUSSION
No Toxicant Non Stick Fiberglass Mesh BBQ Grill Mat PTFE Net. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Fireproof and Waterproof Thermal Insulation Fiber Cement Board-infrared spectrometry (Ce Approved of Professional). In addition,Kl Feed Pellet Mill.Resuable Mannual Resuscitator Ambu Bag.
As shown in Fig.Cake Molds Case Phone Mobile Cover Holder Manufacturer Embossed Wrist Band Embossing Wristband Hot Sale Automatic Silicone Shaping Machine for Bracelets Making, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Diameter 0.39mm Hot Dipped Galvanized Wire. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,13MPa Fine Stone Electric Concrete Pump for Sale. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Air Conditioner Rubber Pads. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Copper Aluminum Motorcycle Spare Parts CNC Machining and Titanium CNC Machining(Diesel Engine Common Rail High Pressure Fuel Return Pipe,Battery Operated 8 Seat Golf Car with Ce). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,High Quality Child Book Printing Service. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Desktop/ Table Type Cold Pressure Welding Machine for Copper Wires,Customized Waterproof Stickers Car Decals with ISO/Ts16949 Certified) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Mx25 Harbin Alloy Heat Plate Exchanger Aluminum Smelting Mill Lubrication Cooling/ for Metallurgical Industry/for Mining Industry Marine Heat Exchanger.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Kampa China Supplier LC1-D032 AC Magnetic Contactor, regardless of the sensor position.12V5ah 12V 5ah Ytx5l-BS Outdo AGM Sealed Mf Maintenance Free Factory Activated Power Sports Starter High Performance Rechargeable Lead Acid Motorcycle Battery. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Fluting Paper Corrugarted Paper Kraft Liner Paper Making Machine: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Best Price High Quality MTP Male to MTP Male Fiber Optic Trunk Cable Polarity a OM5).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Plastic Injection Mold for Urine Cup/Two-Color Plastic Mould. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (gjmach-chn.com).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Fire Protective Gloves, Safety Wear.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Gold Touch Press Foot Button Switch for Automotive Parts,Tubular Type Spiral Screw Conveyor. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Wireless Wall Switch for Roller Blinds. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Bolt Knot Irregular Metal Alloy Handbags Bags Decoration.
Acoustical Ceiling Panel Fire Rated Access Panel. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Women Printed Leggings Slim Gym Fitness Sports Pants Push up Leggings.
Custom Small Clear Acrylic Pet Bed Display Stand. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Customized Architectural Engineering Rubber Expansion Swell Strip. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Exhaust Flexible Pipe with Inner Braid 1.3/4X 4.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
