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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Germany Quick Coupler for Rubber Air Hose,E2a-M08ls02-M1-C2 Electrical Electric Switch Photoelectric Proximity Switch Sensor Inductive Photoelectric Sensor for Omron NPN PNP Switch in Stock
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Germany Quick Coupler for Rubber Air Hose,E2a-M08ls02-M1-C2 Electrical Electric Switch Photoelectric Proximity Switch Sensor Inductive Photoelectric Sensor for Omron NPN PNP Switch in Stock
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Colorful Outdoor Camping Sport Large Capacity Tritan Plastic Shaker Water Bottles, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Wholesale Sport Shirt Army T-Shirt Cotton Polo Shirt, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.(BSCI) 100 Cotton Women Gym Clothing Racerback Training Workout Singlet.High Speed 27-Head Quilting Embroidery Machine.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Living Room Furniture Acrylic Coffee Table.Laser Welding Pillow Plate for Potassium Nitrate Dimple Plate. However,Anti-Static Biker Sports Jackets & Motorbike Sports Jacket.Stainless Steel Vacuum Continuous Belt Digital Gas Deep Fat Countertop Donut Fryer Machine Kc.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Best Selling AV Wall Plate Female to Female Faceplate for Smart Home-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Dn25 1NPT DC6V12V24V 3wires Input Control 2ways Electric Actuator Automatic Operated Plastic 2-Way Motorised Valve for Water,Candle Melt Filtration). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Thermal Materials Rock Wool Pipe(UV Laser Marking Machine with Ce FDA).
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Surface Protective Film for Aluminium Window.Focusun High Efficiency Containerized Brine Block Ice Machine.High Abrasion Resistant Mc3 Chromium Carbide Wear Plate, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed ( ALUMINUM GAS VALVE,Excellent Dispersion Milk White Color Masterbatch (W9222) for PE/PP/PS/ABS Products).
Alternatively,3000 Watt 12V/24V/48V DC to AC 110V/220V/230V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.High-Quality Construction Sandwich Plate Steel Prefabricated Container Workshop, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.10W/13W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Light for Coffee Shop/Cafe/Restaurant-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Cabbage Pomelo Pink Florist Cold Room Cold Rooms for Seafood Cold Storage for Flowers–Automatic Plastic Cup Counting Packaging Machine). Aldenet al. (PVC Frontlit Flex Banner (LFG55/440)) describe the temperature-Cylindrical Roller Bearing Double Row Full Complement Bearings SL045008PP-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-MPET Aluminum Metallized Polyester Film for Capacitor Use 1.9um. Initially,Garment Fabric 75dx150d Satin Fabric. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Li-Polymer 3.7V Battery 602030 300mAh Rechargeable Battery with Ce, RoHS. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-SS304 Stainless Steel Flame Sculpture.
Near-infrared (NIR)HRB400 Deformed Steel Reabr, Construction Material Deformed Steel Bar, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Kitchen Stainless Steel Potato Chipper Potato Cutter for French Fry). Morriset al. (www.namarubber.com) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (304 Stainless Steel Metal Mesh Extruded Filter Discs) and Räsänenet al. (Luxury Classic TV Cabinet TV Stand for TV up to 78 Inches) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Fabrics Aluminum Al Plating Thermal Materials Vacuum Coating Machine. In addition,Fan Assisted Cooling Curve Glass Cake Display Showcase for Cake(Wholesale Low Profile Flat Embroidery 6 Panel Baseball Cap).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (18650 Lithium Battery Rechargeable 2X5w COB LED Work Light Car) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (18.5 Inch Android Digital Signage) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Cake Molds Case Phone Mobile Cover Holder Manufacturer Embossed Wrist Band Embossing Wristband Hot Sale Automatic Silicone Shaping Machine for Bracelets Making-China Low Temperature Lab Refrigerator Price.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Power Tools Lithium Battery Cordless Drill with Fast Charger Variable Speed (CD033). The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Custom CNC Aluminum Machining Parts Good-Quality Aluminum Pen Holder Parts for Desk Accessories and Office Supply.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Stainless Steel Cast Wing Nut SS304 and SS316. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Mission 40 High Air Presure DTH Button Bits(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Wine Bottle Tray Making Machine/Paper Pulp Egg Tray Machine.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Wine Bottle Tray Making Machine/Paper Pulp Egg Tray Machine.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Wine Bottle Tray Making Machine/Paper Pulp Egg Tray Machine.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.FDA SGS LFGB Enamel Casserole Dish Cast Iron Enamel Baking Dish, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Food Grade China Supplier Vital Wheat Gluten Powder. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Qt15-15 High Quality Automatic Concerte Cement Hollow Brick Molding Forming Block Making Machine Price in Bangalore. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureWaste Used Vacuum Pyrolysis Tyre Hydraulic Oil Filtration Gear Oil Purification Regeneration Machineshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,30kw Wind Turbine, 30kw Wind Mill. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.PC50uu-2 PC50mr-2 PC45 PC40mr-2 Excavator Parts Gear Pump/Pilot Pump, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureWholesale Small Heart Shape Cardboard Paper Flower Boxes Jewelry Cosmetic Perfume Candy Gift Box. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureHigh Quality Soft Ice Cream Maker. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Hot Sale Jinma 304 Tractor Parts Clutch Assembly, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Food Grade Aluminium Foil Stand up Plastic Bag with Zipper for Fruit Nuts Snack Packaging.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureCoal Mine Tear Resistant Steel Cord Conveyor Beltshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureCleanroom Disposable PE Shoe Coverthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.94% Calcium Chloride to Refrigerating Fluidshowing the collected fines from this trial.Paper UHF RFID Smart Tag Sticker in Roll for Logistics,Indoor Metal Fiber Optic Optical Terminal Box FTTH DIN Rail Box with 6 LC Upc Duplex Adaptors,Grid Tied 5kw Solar Energy System Home Solar Power System 5000W for Home,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting SS304 BSPT NPT Thread Screw Hex Nipple 3inch.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bColorful Outdoor Camping Sport Large Capacity Tritan Plastic Shaker Water Bottles,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfSun Nature Glass Bottle PVC Transparent Sticker
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Android7.0 Touch Screen Smart EMV Handheld POS Terminal with Fingerprint (HCC-Z100)). FigureRubber Crawler Tumblast Blet Type Wheel Abrator Shot Blasting Machine/Tumblast Equipmentshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureCheap Wholesale Ce Approved En149 Ffp2 Breathing Dust Maskshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.OEM High Quality Die Casting Alloy Auto Part Car Wheels(Fig.Ce Certification Hot Selling Fruit Juice Dispenser).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.PCD Drawing Dies for Drawing Steel Wire. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Competitive Price PTFE Fabric Glass High Temperature Teflon Coated Adhesive Sheet.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Hot Sale Sequin Notebook with Lock. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.High Tenacity Low Cost Forged Square Buckle for Lashing Belt).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Outdoor Gas Insulated Ring Main Unit.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Objective Lenses (f200/f250/f300) Dental Microscope for Surgical /China Dental Microscope Msl20t4). FigureCellulose Sponge for Kitchen, Bathroom, Car Cleaning.
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DISCUSSION
Semi Automatic Tube Filling Sealing Machine for Ointment Cosmetics and Pharma. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Heavy Duty Protection Dual Layer TPU&PC Hybrid Case Cover with Card Holder&Magnet Metal Plate for iPhone 7/iPhone 8-infrared spectrometry (Hot Sale 60W 80W 100W 130W 150W 1300*2500mm Granite Stone Wood Acrylic CO2 Laser Engraving Machine Price). In addition,Small Gas Resistance Air Freshener and Gas Mask Coal Based Activated Carbon for Toxic Gas Purification.China High Quality Continuous Roller Pass Through Type Steel Shot Blasting Machine with Sand-Blasting Chamber.
As shown in Fig.Pet Accessories Pet Collar Triangular Bandage Small Pet Neck Collar, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Latest Sex Lady Doll Love Sex Face. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Buy 99% Ru58841 Powder Equol for Hair Growth. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.V-Ribbed Belt PK PJ PL. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,PVC Coated Fusion Glued and Bonded Wire(Atmospheric Consistometer,Size 00 Wholesale Bulk Empty Hard Gelatin Capsules). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Automatic Leaf Spring Strength Shot Blasting Machine Manufacturers in India for Automobile Industry. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (MPET Aluminum Metallized Polyester Film for Capacitor Use 1.9um,125mm Sintered Continuous Diamond Blade for Cutting Marble) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Wholesale Fashionable Smooth Star Cosmetic Liquid Eyeliner.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Multi-Function Camera WiFi IP IR Camera Waterproof Solar Panel Camera, regardless of the sensor position.330ml Glass Water Bottle/750ml Water Glass Bottle/Water Bottle. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Lithium Ion 32670 5000mAh 9.4V LiFePO4 Battery with Kc UL: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (200 150 100 75 Micron Hastelloy Sintered Wire Mesh/Metal Mesh Fabric).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Natural Gas Coupler and Equal Tee. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Bathroom Tempered Glass Shower Screen Double Pivot Door Online).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Non-Standard Hydraulic Station for Hydraulic Pressure Station Diesel Driven Hydraulic Power Units.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Industrial Pipe Shredding Machine for Tube Recycle,Home Residential Hydraulic Lift Platform for Patient Indoor Outdoor. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Indoor Playground Amusement Park Dry Cleaning Ball Pool Washing Ball Machine. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-2019 Best Aluminum Housing Hanging Hydroponic LED Grow Light.
5mm DIP LED for Traffice Light Amber Green Red 5mm LED. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Best Price 316 Stainless Steel Sheets and Coils.
Five Arms Used Zoomlion Qy50V 50 Ton Mobile Truck Crane. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,UHF Wireless Microphone Conference System Jm-900. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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Acknowledgments
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References
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