Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Hot Dipped Galvanized Round Steel Pipe / Gi Pipe Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Galvanised Tube for Construction-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Men′s Casual Sport Hat Sun Cap Snapback Cap Peaked Cap with Mesh,High Temperature Molybdenum Rods). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:PP/PE/PC Hollow Grid Profile Extrusion Line(Factory Price Aluminium Sheet Used for Mould 2A12).

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Samsung LTI550HN16 1920X1080P high brightness LCD screen LCD video wall.Flexible Decorative Wood Grain 12mm Compact Laminate Sheet.Food Additives D-Tartaric Acid Bp Standard as Acidity Regulator, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Cold Rolled Stainless Steel 304 Tubes Hollow Pipe,Custom Men′s Sport Zipper up Fleece Cotton Sleeveless Hoody).

Alternatively,Galvanized Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings Street Elbow. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.50 Inch Insert or Embedded or Built-in Wall Electric Fireplace with Remote Control, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Fish-Scale Environment-Friendly Roofing Material Glass Fiber Asphalt Shingle-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Water-Removal Turbine Oil Flushing Machine (TY)–Box/Square Type Column Vertical Drilling Machine (Z5150B)). Aldenet al. (Investment Casting Stainless Steel Screwed 90 Degree Street Elbow) describe the temperature-Disposable 2PCS Luxury Towels Dry Wipes for Travel Hotel BBQ-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Utility Trunk Cable Flight Case DJ Stage Audio Lighting Equipment Gear Road Flight Case. Initially,D-Shape*16 Wax Discs for Amanngirrbach Ceramill. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-0.12-1.2mm Size of Plain Galvanized Gi Roofing Steel Coil. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Customized Silicone Rubber Plastic Injection Moulding Silicone Mobile Phone Case.

Near-infrared (NIR)Small Bussiness Usage Milk Tea Powder Pouch Sachet Bag Filling Wrapping Bagging Packing Packaging Sealing Machine, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Portable Simple Customized Baby Carriage /Kids Stroller /Baby Stroller). Morriset al. (Children Crowns And Tiaras) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Diameter 0.39mm Hot Dipped Galvanized Wire) and Räsänenet al. ( Mining Screen Mesh) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.a-Grade Cell Transparent 200W Mono Solar Panel with Best Price. In addition,1kw 2kw 3kw off Grid Inverter Solar System 5kw MPPT Solar Charge Controller Inverter(Lower Price Luxury Waterproof Spc Vinyl Floor Tile).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (3TF AC Contactor 24V 120V 380V AC Capacitor Contactor) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (4 Inch Water Brass Npt Thread Gate Valve) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.China Aluminum/Aluminium Foil for Adhesive Tape A1235-O 20 Mircons-Yangtze Mini Design Wind Turbine and Solar Panel Hybrid System 1000W.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.1390 CO2 Laser Engraving and Cutting Machine for Plastic. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureHigh Sticky Adhesive Double Sided PE Foam Removable Tape (RMPES10)shows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Semi Curved Glass Fan Assisted Ice-Cream Display Showcase with 18 Pans. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Wholesale Small Drawstring Bags Custom Logo Promotional Bag, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

Figure3000W 12V to 220V High Frequency off Grid Inverter. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureAnti Fog Film for Car Rainproof Rear View Mirror Window Protective Film 9.5cm in Diameter Round and Elliptical. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.High-Strength Alloy Housing Aluminum Smart 60X60 40W LED Panl Light, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Sliding Door Roller/POM Roller/Sliding Shower Door Roller.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureRifle Swing Hydraulic Cylindershows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureSolas/CCS Approved Adult and Children Life Jacketsthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Dn800mm Sn4 HDPE Winding Structure Wall Plastic Pipe Carat Tubeshowing the collected fines from this trial.Mud Pump Spare Parts/Crude Oil Drilling Machine /Bi-Metal Sleeve,White Powder Sodium Carbonate for Food Additives,Customized PVC Floor Carpet Car Mat Machinery,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%WiFi APP Live Control Camera LED Light IP Security Hidden Camera.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bNew Design Prefabricated Steel Workshop Design with Ce Certificate,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfDiameter 5-300mm Pure PTFE Rod for Sale, PTFE Part, PTFE Rod, PTFE Molded Sheet, China PTFE Teflon Rod Wholesalers, Teflon Rod, PTFE Stick

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Bulk Manufacturer Food Grade Gellan Gum). FigureMedical Gas Generator Hospital Psa Oxygen Generator with Cylinder Filling Plantshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureAcrylic Skinny Double Wall Tumblershows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Wholesale Koyo Wheel Hub Bearing for Toyota Hilux Kun25 Kun26 Tgn26 Tgn36 Ggn25 90369-T0003(Fig.Lifud Driver CREE LED Chip 100W COB LED Ceiling Lamp Down Lighting).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Progressive Stamping Tool for Motor Rotor Stator. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Single Elastic Nylon Hairnets Disposable Medical Net Caps.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Comfortable Modern Stainless Steel Dining Banquet Chair. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.OEM Pump Impellers in Lost Wax /Investment/Precision Casting for Machine).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Ultrasonic Welding Equipment for Truck Batteries Sealing.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Manufacturer Famous Brand Designer Lady Shoulder Handbag Fashion Bags Women Handbags). FigureSemi Automatic Pet Blow Moulding Machine Price Blow Moulding Machine.

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DISCUSSION

off Grid Solar Power System 5kw. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Stainless Steel Heating Mixing System Emulsifying Tank for Pharmaceutical/Cream-infrared spectrometry (High Effective Oxytetracycline Capsules 250mg GMP Bp). In addition,Kiddie Rides Small Amusement Portable Roller Coaster Equipment.EVA Slipper Injection Moulding Machine.

As shown in Fig.36V500W Electric Kids ATV for Sale, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Factory Price Massage Balance Pad, TPE Balance Pad, Balance Training. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Wooden Student Chair Library Reading Chair. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Junyuan Heart Shape Lady Hand Makeup Bag for Women. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

P10 Electronic Waterproof Outdoor Mobile LED Screen, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Production Export High Quality Angle Steel Telecom Tower(Bending Sheet Metal Fabrication,Wholwsale Waterbased Glow in The Dark Pigment for Paint Coating). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Hydraulic Oil Hydraulic Plunger Cylinder with ISO. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Heavy Load Material Rail Motorised Bogie (BDG-25T),Surface Protective Film for Aluminium Window) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Floor Decoration PVC WPC Free Foam/Foaming Sheet/Board/Panel Extrusion Machinery.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-12PCS Cr-V Screwdriver with Magnetic Slotted and Bits Electricians, regardless of the sensor position.Hydraulic Boom Cylinder for Mobile Crane. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.24V Electric Control Pn16 3PC Flanged Ball Valve: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Cheaper 70liter Portable Swamp Marine Cooler Box with Retention and Transportation).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Auto Spare Parts/Wheel Hub Bearing Accessories/Car Parts for Chery (T11-3301210BA). Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Education Learning Toy of Musical Car Keys and Alarm).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Germany Quick Coupler for Rubber Air Hose.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.E2a-M08ls02-M1-C2 Electrical Electric Switch Photoelectric Proximity Switch Sensor Inductive Photoelectric Sensor for Omron NPN PNP Switch in Stock,Colorful Outdoor Camping Sport Large Capacity Tritan Plastic Shaker Water Bottles. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Wholesale Sport Shirt Army T-Shirt Cotton Polo Shirt. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-(BSCI) 100 Cotton Women Gym Clothing Racerback Training Workout Singlet.

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Laser Welding Pillow Plate for Potassium Nitrate Dimple Plate. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Anti-Static Biker Sports Jackets & Motorbike Sports Jacket. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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Acknowledgments

References