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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,059 Factory Bimetal Thermometer,Chinese Hot Sale Wood 3D CNC Router Wood Working Tools Mini Woodworking Machine
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,059 Factory Bimetal Thermometer,Chinese Hot Sale Wood 3D CNC Router Wood Working Tools Mini Woodworking Machine
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Ce Approved Warehouse Storage Heavy Duty Steel Stacking Pallet Rack, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Low Noise Panel Fan 280X280X80mm 220-240V AC 105W, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.High Tenacity Low Cost Forged Square Buckle for Lashing Belt.Square Shelf Floor Lamp End Table with USB Chargers.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Manufacturer Yoga Fitness Exercise TPE Foam Balance Pad.Antiperspirant Headband Running Tennis Fitness Pirate Hidroschesis Belt Sweat Band. However,Gorgeous Brazilian Human Milky Way Hair Crochet Braid.Disposable Coin Compressed Magic Face Towel for Beauty.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Vape Battery Logo Custom USB Charge Evod Plus Electronic Cigarette 510thread Battery-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (All in One Medical Portable Medical HD Endoscope Camera for Sale,Bluetooth Mouse Mele G7 Flying Mouse Air Blank Sublimation Mouse Pad Microsoft Arc Touch Mouse). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Fast Obvious 4 in 1 Cavitation Vacuum Liposuction Machine (VS-101)(Stainless Steel/Enamel Welded Wire Mesh BBQ Grill Grates/Grid).
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Alternatively,Chicken Dung Organic Fertilizer Granulating Machine. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Stainless Steel Pre Water Filter, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.China Factory Customized Precision Optical Lens-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Wholesale Valve and Red Cap for Camp Gas Can–Consumer Electronics PCB Assembly PCBA). Aldenet al. (Custom Stainless Steel Aluminum CNC Machining Precision Hardware Parts) describe the temperature-Super LED with Solar Power Traffic Warning Lamp-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Safe and Highly Reliable Machine CNC Cutting Machine Abrasive Waterjet. Initially,P4 High Brightness LED Screen, Full Color LED Wall Outdoor Rental LED Display for Stage. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Shark′s Mouth Shape Stainless Steel Buckle Connect with 1.5m Webbing. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Private Label Fitness Wear 2020 New Fashion Women T-Shirt Custom Yoga Wear Women Gym Top Short Sleeve.
Near-infrared (NIR)Flange Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Cast or Forged Stainless Steel Lubricated & Sleeve Plug Valve). Morriset al. (Best Sale Neodymium Mini NdFeB Magnet for Sale) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Garden Patio Wicker / Rattan Sofa Set - Outdoor Furniture (LN-3029)) and Räsänenet al. (Aluminum Replacement Cam Gear Cam Pulley) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Fire Emergency Escape Safety Face Mask with Color Box. In addition,High Guality Conference Hall High Back Auditorium Chair (FECMP07)(200W Solar LED Flood Light with Remote Sensor).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. ( 3mm) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Auto Body Clips and Fasteners) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Ce Hydraulic Scrap Metal Iron Aluminum Baler Press Machine-Waterproof Hot Sale Transparent Window Membrane Overlay Panel Ophthalmic Lens.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Modern White Fabric Living Room Secetion Sofa for Hotel Reception. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%E Cig Oil 10ml Pet Bottle Eliquid Ejuice.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Fashionable High Quality Garment Accessories Embroidery Patchs. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.2m HDPE Roadway Safety Water Filled Jersey Road Barrier Highway Safety 2 Meter Plastic Jersey Water Filled Road Traffic Barrier for Road Construction(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,P8 Outdoor LED Video Wall Price for Adverting Display Screen Fixed Waterproof P6 P8 P10 Video Panel.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,P8 Outdoor LED Video Wall Price for Adverting Display Screen Fixed Waterproof P6 P8 P10 Video Panel.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,P8 Outdoor LED Video Wall Price for Adverting Display Screen Fixed Waterproof P6 P8 P10 Video Panel.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Wedding Event Antique Quality Wood Chiavari Chairs, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.High Quality Thread Extension Drill Rod. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Logistics Agent Shipping Rate From Guangzhou to Singapore Port. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureLarge Diameter Welding Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Tube 309S 310Sshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,16000 Liters High Pressure Water Washing Street Cleaning Truck. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Indurstial Water Treatment Stainless Steel Water Storage Tank, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
Figure300t Full Dull Plain Taffeta PU Coated Nylon Fabric. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureCustomized Injection Plastic Welding Helmet Mould. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.125kHz Proximity Compatible Smart Card Reader, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Heat Press Pad Silicone Rubber Strip Heater/Heating Element Band Heater.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure100% Guarantee Quality Motorcycle Rubber Inner Tube (100/90-17)shows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureLow Priced Road Truck Mounted Asphalt Spray Truckthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Harware Elbow Hydraulic Hose Fittings Joints Hose Connector Adapter Air Hose Fittingsshowing the collected fines from this trial.Pipe Making Machine/ ERW Tube Mill,Hotel Banquet Event Hall Restaurant Party Wooden Dance Floor,Popular Stainless Steel Musical Percussion Instrument for Sale (HJ-17005),000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%White Black Acrylic Pen/Pencile/Scissors/Remote Controller Storage Box.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bCe Approved Warehouse Storage Heavy Duty Steel Stacking Pallet Rack,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfcolor coated aluminum foil for decoration
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Canned Food Fish Automatic Canned Production Line). FigureFood Grade Vacuum Bag with PA/PE/EVOH Materails for Food Pakcagingshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureVesdura Vinyl Planks Flooring - 5mm Spc Click Lock - Ridge Collectionshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.EVA Military Working Safety Boots with Steel Plate (WWB041)(Fig.API DIN JIS Carbon Steel Wcb Basket Strainer with Flange Type).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.40.5kv Truck Type Indoor Hv Vacuum Circuit Breaker/ 33kv Vcb. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Three Phase Hoist Driving Device Electric Motor.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.G11 Epoxy Fiberglass Laminated Insulation Sheet. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Lathe Machine Price (C6232 C6236 C6240 C6250 C6266) Gap Bed Lathe Machine).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.ISO9001 6-12 Guage Plain Steel Wire Ground Cloth Staples.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Ce Sodium Hyaluronate Knee Injections Intra-Articular Injections). FigureMachining Cast Iron Precision Medical Machining Cutting Process in Manufacturing Fast CNC Machining Boring Machining Process.
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DISCUSSION
CAS84-66-2 Diethyl Phthalate (DEP) Manufactuerf Solvent Lubricant Deodorant. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-PE/PVC Mixed Plastic Separator Machine Price in China-infrared spectrometry (circle plate aluminium for traffic sign). In addition,Aluminum Alloy Frame 26inch 36V Electric Bicycle.Luxury Designer Boots Brand Lady High Heel Shoes.
As shown in Fig.Furyu Sleepy Cat with Wings Pillow Anime Cushion Nemuneko Plush, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Filter Press for Sandplant Sludge Treatment. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,T Type Handle Torque Hex Multi Specification T-Type Wrench. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Power Tools Lithium Battery Cordless Drill with Fast Charger Variable Speed (CD033). Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,China Manufacturer Durable New Style PE Plastic Anchor(Top Sale 1060 Aluminum Sheet with High Purity,10-100mm RoHS VW-1 Heat Shrink Tube Forpower Insulation). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,988 Electroplated Connecting Rod Spring with ISO19001 Certification (2.0). The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (PP/PE/PC Hollow Grid Profile Extrusion Line,Metal Exterior Facade Craftwork Cladding Decoration Ceiling Bespoke Ceiling) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.High Performance 220V Hydraulic Power Pack Hydraulic Power Station.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-00.785.0533 Kvt4 Circuit Board Plus 00.785.0357 Uvm4 Electronic Board, regardless of the sensor position.Warranty Two Years 24V DC High Bright White PCB LED Strip Light. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Scrap Iron Electric Induction Melting Furnace (GW-1T): as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Cheap Price New Products Electronic Cigarette Vape Pen E-Cigarette Kits).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.34mm Precision Tooth Multifunctional Saw Blade Cutter. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (High Quality Professional Double Color Dipped Handle Gardon Shear).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Industrial Double Shaft Paddle Type Dry Powder Mixer Machine.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Ss 304 Vacuum Virgin Coconut Oil Dehydrator Tyd,Yaqi Church Auditorium Chair with Plastic Armrest and Tablet (YA-04P). The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Oeko-Tex Audit Promotional 100% Organic Cotton Shopping Bag. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Air Cooled Industrial Chiller, Water Cooler.
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Stainless Steel 304 316 EPDM Bonded Sealing Washer. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,PVC Plastic 45 Deg Elbow. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Cjtouch TFT LCD Touch Screen Monitor Cheap 10.4 Inch LED Touchscreen Monitor for POS.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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