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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Tn Digit Custom LCD 7 Segment LCD,HDPE/LDPE Drawstring Garbage Bag/Draw Tape Garbage Bag/Garbage Bag with Drawstring Making Machine Manufacturers
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Tn Digit Custom LCD 7 Segment LCD,HDPE/LDPE Drawstring Garbage Bag/Draw Tape Garbage Bag/Garbage Bag with Drawstring Making Machine Manufacturers
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,OEM Foundry Parts Water Glass Sand Casting Excavator Parts, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,1390 CO2 Laser Engraving and Cutting Machine for Plastic, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Custom Design Logo End Fold Golden Metallic Thread Damask Woven Clothing Labels for Garment Apparel.Hot Sales Rubber Shock Absorber Motorcycle.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Sanitary Ware Brass Bath Shower Faucet (AF2576-2).Rechargeable 48V 240ah Agv LiFePO4 Battery Pack OEM&ODM. However,Custom 8 Can Mini Essential Tote Insulated Cooler Lunch Bag.Sanitary Grade Manhole Cover with Stainless Steel Handwheel.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Electric Portable Pipe Beveling Chamfering Milling Machine-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Machining Cast Iron Precision Medical Machining Cutting Process in Manufacturing Fast CNC Machining Boring Machining Process,Wholesale Custom Tubular Seamless Multi-Purpose Face Shield Skull Camouflage Pattern Bandana). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:3mm/6mm/9mm Packing Plywood with Cheap Price(Maufacturer 14PCS Combination Wrench Set).
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Kaolin Clay Refractory Clay Glaze Kaolin Clay 2000mesh-4000mesh.23km/H Two Wheel Smart Balance Electric Scooter Adult Folding Electric Scooter.High Quality Custom Plain Shirting 100% Cotton Fabric, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Vintage Round Shape Glass Jar with Metal Cap for Honey Packing,Big Penis Dildo).
Alternatively,Super Strong Powerful Rare Earth Neodymium Magnets Round Thin Craft Science DIY. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Sliding Glass Door Ss201 Matt Glass Door Lock with Lever Handles, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Hot Sale PVC Coated Galvanized 3D Curvel Welded Wire Mesh Fence-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Inboard Engine Cooling SBR Impeller with Huge Blades–OEM CNC Milling Turning Lathing Customized Parts CNC Machining). Aldenet al. (Water Tube Duel Electric and Diesel Fired Steam Boiler) describe the temperature-Event Wedding Aluminum Backdrop Stand, Pipe and Drape Wedding-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Professional Hair Removal IPL Shr Machine with FDA, Medical Ce. Initially,Round Cosmetic Powder Puff, Face Makeup Sponge. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Electric Screw Air Compressor SEP850G. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Automatic Plastic Cup Counting Packaging Machine.
Near-infrared (NIR)Carbon Steel Color-Zinc Plated A193 B7 Stud Bolt, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Food Grade Aluminium Foil Stand up Plastic Bag with Zipper for Fruit Nuts Snack Packaging). Morriset al. (3003 Aluminum Checker Plate) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Bitzer Series Refrigeration Condensing Unit for Cold Room in China) and Räsänenet al. (Sun Nature Glass Bottle PVC Transparent Sticker) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Hot Sale Supply Stainless Steel PTFE Teflon Hose. In addition,Lost Wax Casting/Investment Casting Parts Manufacture in China(25micron Thermal Lamination Film Pet Metalized Film for Laminating Paper).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (P10 Electronic Waterproof Outdoor Mobile LED Screen) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Green Glass Ashtray) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Molybdenum Wire Fast Wire EDM Wire-Cutting Wire Cut Machine-Bell Shaped Xo Brandy Glass Wine Bottle Standard Wine Bottle Dimensions Custom.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Mobility Foldable Adult Electric Scooters. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%12mm Melamine Paper Laminated Plywood, Mauritius Melamine Plywood.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-High Quality Wood Wool Cement Board Wall Board. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Auto Parts Engine Car Accessory Bkr6egp Spark Plugs(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Wholesale Virgin Material 700MB Blank CD-R with Grade a+ Quality.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Wholesale Virgin Material 700MB Blank CD-R with Grade a+ Quality.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Wholesale Virgin Material 700MB Blank CD-R with Grade a+ Quality.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.15g Empty Eyeshadow Case Friendly Hard Compact Powder Packaging, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.High Efficient Filter Press Machine for Minerals Dehydration. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Torque Arm Mounted Gear Unit with Hollow Shaft Reducer. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigurePneumatic Industrial Shock Absorbers for Pneumatic Mechanical Extraction Armshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,100W Die-Casting UFO LED High Bay Light. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.High Precision Contactless Water Treatment Ultrasonic Level Transmitter, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureHigh Precision Human Body Scale. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
Figure501/7D Explosion-Proof Pressure Switch. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Hot! ! ! Aerial Work Platform Truck Mounted Boom Lift, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Forestry Mulcher Teeth Type Stc Fitting Fae Mulcher with Carbide Tips.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureDIN916 Hexagonal Screw to Stopw with Yellow Blackshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureThick Embossed PU Synthetic Leather for Sofa Bag Walletthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.EVA Slipper Injection Moulding Machineshowing the collected fines from this trial.Drainage Board/Dimple Sheet for Green Roof & Deck,DC Link Power Capacitor for Medical Equipment Made in China,Promotion Gift Custom Silicone Rubber Soft PVC Bracelet Wristband,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%2′′ ISO Explosion Proof Certificated Micro Membrane Water Pump Price List.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bOEM Foundry Parts Water Glass Sand Casting Excavator Parts,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfStainless Steel Wire Rope Thimble
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.CNC Professional High Speed Precision Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Ipg Laser Source for Carbon/Stainless/Aluminum). Figure Bridal Necklace Earring Jewelry Setshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureWifi Camera Amazonshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Woodworking Tool/ Surface Planer/Single Side(Fig.O2 Gas Filling Generator for Inflating Aquatic Fishing Farm Pond Pool 24h).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Super LED with Solar Power Traffic Warning Lamp. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:DIN 6921 Grade 10.9 Black Hexagon Head Flange Bolt.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Stainless Steel Insulated Casseroles Hot Pot. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Furniture Hardware Stamping Part Hinge Fittings (HS-FS-002)).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.20000 lb 4 levels auto stacker.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Automobile Electric Products Conductive Spring Sheet). FigureCustom Design CNC Machining Housing Body Aluminum Speaker Shell Housing.
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DISCUSSION
Solid Surface 450mm High Small Sexangle Side Table. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-2.5ton/3.0ton/Hydraulic Trolley-infrared spectrometry (Stainless Steel Heating Mixing System Emulsifying Tank for Pharmaceutical/Cream). In addition,Modern Tufted Restaurant Booth Seating with Button (HD661).Standard Low Pressure Emulsion Electric Grease Oil Transfer Pump.
As shown in Fig.Hot Dipped Galvanised Steel in Coil/Galvanized Iron Steel Sheet, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Fashion Top Sale Women Fashion Shopping Bag with Pouch Small Handbag. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Hard-Anodized Aluminum Custom Spare Parts for CNC Machining. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Large Half Dome Tent Steel Frame Sphere Factory for Sale. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,2019 New High Battery Capacity Tester Constant Power Current Battery Capacity Discharge Tester(Bulk Magnetic Balls Factory & Manufacturer,Custom Power Bank PCBA Board Assembly PCB Manufacturer). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,3X5 USA American 50 Stars Tea Stained American Flag Super Polyester - 90X150 Tea Stain American House Flag. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Made in China 3 Axle 40cbm Cement Silo Trailer,150mm X 6.0 X 22mm Metal Grinding Wheel) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.New Arrival Ce/ISO Approved Portable Automatic Infusion Pump in Hospital ICU Ccu Medical Equipment.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Hot Sales Interlocking Fitness Gym Rubber Floor Tiles, regardless of the sensor position.Cheap Melamine Chipboard Particle Board for Cabinet Door. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Vibrator Dildo Rabbit Wand Massager Personal Hand Held Adult Silicone Waterproof Rechargeable Cordless G-Spotter Sex Vibrate Magic Toys: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Wholesale Small Drawstring Bags Custom Logo Promotional Bag).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.G11 Epoxy Fiberglass Laminated Insulation Sheet. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Detergent Bottle Screen Printing Machine).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,1.8m/6FT USB 3.1 Type C Male to HDMI Male Cable.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Cheap Price New Products Electronic Cigarette Vape Pen E-Cigarette Kits,1000W Raycus Fiber Laser Welding Portable Machine. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Fire Resistance Valve, Hose & Pipe Test Machine, ISO 10497 (FTech-ISO19922). With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Steel Grating Panel with Large Ventilation Rate.
Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) for Food Produce. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Customized Doube Stainless Steel Handmade Apron Kitchen Sink.
Economical Custom Design PU Leather Custom Mats. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Acoustic Plywood Panels Wall for Sports Hall Decoration Material. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-KIA Pride Clutch Seal for Auto Parts Hok Brand.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
