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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,4 in 1 Cryolipolysis Machine Fat Freezing Body Slimming Machine,Portable Diode Laser Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation IPL Beauty Machine
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,4 in 1 Cryolipolysis Machine Fat Freezing Body Slimming Machine,Portable Diode Laser Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation IPL Beauty Machine
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,4G WiFi GPS Industrial Antenna, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,RO System Machine/ Reverse Osmosis Water Purify Machine, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.200W Solar LED Flood Light with Remote Sensor.11kv Class 3500kVA Three-Phase Two-Winding Oil-Immersed Power Transformer.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Natural Isoliquiritigenin Licorice Roots Extract.Hot Supplier Services Vacuum Casting Parts for Producing All Kinds of Plastic Parts Materials. However,Heat Insulation IXPE Foam XPE Foam Material.CNC Professional High Speed Precision Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Ipg Laser Source for Carbon/Stainless/Aluminum.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Large Round Shape Cookie Popcorn Handle Tin Bucket with Lid, Ice Tin Box-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components ( Line Array Speaker Compression Driver Loudspeaker.,18.5 Inch Android Digital Signage). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Wholesales Indoor LED Lighting COB Recessed Aluminum 6W IP44 Down Light(Excellent Design Long Life Span Metal Building Construction).
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Cjtouch 21.5 Waterproof Infrared IR Touch Screen Overlay.DJ Lighting LED Dance Floor for Wedding Event.65ml Square Glass Jar with Lug Cap for Food Packing, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Automatic Vertical 10heads Weighting and Packing Machine,Custom Fleece Blanket).
Alternatively,Outdoor Horse Rubber Paver Mats. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Standard Exported Package China Cheap CNC Milling Xk7125A, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Different Lenght and Different Width Acrylic BOPP Packaging Tape-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Wholesale Water Resistant Quartz a Set Bracelet Alloy Watch (cm19006)–Fiberglass Fishing Cabin Boats for Sale). Aldenet al. (12mm Environmental Wear-Resisting Laminated Flooring) describe the temperature-F00vc99002 + F00vc05008 Bosch Injector Repair Kit and Common Rail Adjust Kits-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-MDF 100W Sheet Acrylic Laser Engraving Cutting Machine. Initially,Anti-Ultraviolet Flex Banner of Clod Laminated Frontlit. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Economic Mechanical CNC Punching Machine/CNC Turret Punch Press. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-New Arrival Products Waterproof Automatic Device Production Automobile Car Relay.
Near-infrared (NIR)Mzh-P Sachet Packing Machine for Paste Ketchup Food Shampoo Liquid Juice Honey Water Tomato, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (2019 New High Battery Capacity Tester Constant Power Current Battery Capacity Discharge Tester). Morriset al. (Cleanroom Disposable PE Shoe Cover) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Wireless Wall Switch for Roller Blinds) and Räsänenet al. (Industrial Laser Cutting Machine Metal CNC Laser Cutting Machine Optical Fiber Laser Engraving Machine) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Glass Class Silica Sand Washing Plant for Sale. In addition,White Lacquer MFC Modular Kitchen Units in Guangzhou(46 Inch 3.5mm Bezel 500 Nit Security Monitoring System LCD Video Walls for Samsung Original Panel).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. ( Mining and Mineral Ball Mill Grinding Media) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Cheap Wholesale Ce Approved En149 Ffp2 Breathing Dust Mask) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Ductile Iron Grooved Fitting Grooved Elbow-2018 Spectator Telescopic Bleacher Seating Professional Grandstand Bleachers.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Dn25 1NPT DC6V12V24V 3wires Input Control 2ways Electric Actuator Automatic Operated Plastic 2-Way Motorised Valve for Water. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Beauty Cellulite Reducing Cavitation Machine Fg660L-002 ADSS Grupo.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Aluminium Alloy Industrial Profile for Door Frame. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Metric to Male Flare Adapters M6*1.0(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,40.5kv Truck Type Indoor Hv Vacuum Circuit Breaker/ 33kv Vcb.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,40.5kv Truck Type Indoor Hv Vacuum Circuit Breaker/ 33kv Vcb.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,40.5kv Truck Type Indoor Hv Vacuum Circuit Breaker/ 33kv Vcb.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Human Virgin Hair Extension Hair Bundle with Silky Straight, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Modern LED Clip Desk Lamp. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-New Design Prefabricated Steel Workshop Design with Ce Certificate. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figureoff Grid Solar Power System 5kwshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,FTTH 16 Core Outdoor Terminal Box Fiber Optic Distribution Box. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.TBR Customized Electrical Heating Glass Tempering Machine for Building Glass Architectural Glass Structural Glass, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureNew 2019 Ce Certification Gantry Type Metal Laser Cutting Machine. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureJh25 Double Crank Power Press with Nc Feeder 250 Ton for Sale. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Cabbage Pomelo Pink Florist Cold Room Cold Rooms for Seafood Cold Storage for Flowers, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Double Acting Heavy Industry of Hydraulic Piston.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigurePVC Frontlit Flex Banner (LFG55/440)shows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figurem.sycooler.comthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Kitchen Stainless Steel Potato Chipper Potato Cutter for French Fryshowing the collected fines from this trial.Kitchen Stainless Steel Potato Chipper Potato Cutter for French Fry,IGBT Medium Frequency Electric Induction Heating Forge Furnace,High Frequency Welding Melting Induction Heater/ Heating Machine,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Hot Dipped Galvanized Round Steel Pipe / Gi Pipe Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Galvanised Tube for Construction.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b4G WiFi GPS Industrial Antenna,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfPP/PE/PC Hollow Grid Profile Extrusion Line
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Luxury Classic TV Cabinet TV Stand for TV up to 78 Inches). FigureWholesale Low Profile Flat Embroidery 6 Panel Baseball Capshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureAtmospheric Consistometershows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Cashew Pine Nut Peanut Ground Nut Cleaning Machine(Fig.18650 Lithium Battery Rechargeable 2X5w COB LED Work Light Car).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Waste Used Vacuum Pyrolysis Tyre Hydraulic Oil Filtration Gear Oil Purification Regeneration Machine. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Mdst Modular Kit for Steel Wall Mount Box.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.1.8m/6FT USB 3.1 Type C Male to HDMI Male Cable. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.High Precision Sf0499 Augular Ball Bearing Automotive Bearing).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Android7.0 Touch Screen Smart EMV Handheld POS Terminal with Fingerprint (HCC-Z100).
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Coal Mine Tear Resistant Steel Cord Conveyor Belt). FigureFlexible Decorative Wood Grain 12mm Compact Laminate Sheet.
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DISCUSSION
Galvanized Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings Street Elbow. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-50 Inch Insert or Embedded or Built-in Wall Electric Fireplace with Remote Control-infrared spectrometry (Corrosion Resistant Cable Glands). In addition,Fish-Scale Environment-Friendly Roofing Material Glass Fiber Asphalt Shingle.Disposable 2PCS Luxury Towels Dry Wipes for Travel Hotel BBQ.
As shown in Fig.Android7.0 Touch Screen Smart EMV Handheld POS Terminal with Fingerprint (HCC-Z100), the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Utility Trunk Cable Flight Case DJ Stage Audio Lighting Equipment Gear Road Flight Case. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,D-Shape*16 Wax Discs for Amanngirrbach Ceramill. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.0.12-1.2mm Size of Plain Galvanized Gi Roofing Steel Coil. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Small Bussiness Usage Milk Tea Powder Pouch Sachet Bag Filling Wrapping Bagging Packing Packaging Sealing Machine(www.jspseal.com,Rubber Crawler Tumblast Blet Type Wheel Abrator Shot Blasting Machine/Tumblast Equipment). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,a-Grade Cell Transparent 200W Mono Solar Panel with Best Price. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Ce Certification Hot Selling Fruit Juice Dispenser,DIN 6921 Grade 10.9 Black Hexagon Head Flange Bolt) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.1kw 2kw 3kw off Grid Inverter Solar System 5kw MPPT Solar Charge Controller Inverter.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-China Aluminum/Aluminium Foil for Adhesive Tape A1235-O 20 Mircons, regardless of the sensor position.Yangtze Mini Design Wind Turbine and Solar Panel Hybrid System 1000W. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Tire Gauge Tire Pressure Gauge Inflator: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules ( 40FT. L).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Disposable PP/SMS Protective Coverall Workwear. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Basalt Rock Wool Fiber Roofing Heat Insulation Pre Insulated Felt).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,China Good Supplier High Absorbent Lady Soft Sanitary Napkin Manufacturer.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.42 Inch Floor Standing Digital Signage LED Advertising,PU/PUR/PIR Insulated Sandwich Panel. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.circle plate aluminium for traffic sign, traffic, Traffic signal. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Pet Twistable Film for Taffee Candy Wrapping.
Water-Removal Turbine Oil Flushing Machine (TY). One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Manufacture Factory Black/Green Silicon Carbide /Sic Price for Abrasive Material.
Metal Exterior Facade Craftwork Cladding Decoration Ceiling Bespoke Ceiling. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Auto Spray Painting Machine for Car Parts. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-3000W 12V to 220V High Frequency off Grid Inverter.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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