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AAPS PharmSciTech. 2010 Dec; 11(4): 1612–1618.

Large Capacity Ball Grinding Mill for Stone Grinding Machine

Abstract

Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Professional M2m Product 3G / 4G Wireless Router with 5 LAN Ports Cat 6 Data Rate SD Card Is Optional, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,E Waste Copper Refinery Scrap Computer Board Recycling Equipment, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Ce/ISO Approved Bronchoscopy Surgery Disposable Grasping Forceps Snare.Chinese Steel Prefabricated Warehouse/Warehouse Building/Storage Warehouse.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Concrete Spun Electric Pole Spinning Machine.1t-10t Mineral Water Bottling Treatment Plant with Ce Certificate. However,WiFi Flat Antenna, T-Type Antenna with SMA.Automatic Roofing Nail Making Machine in Nigeria.

Key words:acoustic monitoring,Industrial AC POWER Air Compressor, granules, pharmaceuticals, vibration monitoring

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Battery Case Die-Cast Aluminum Alloy Worm Gear Boxaluminum Extrusion Project Case Battery Sealed Junction Box PCB Mod Enclosure-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Vacuum High Viscosity Paste Mixer Machines High Viscosity Mixer,Granite). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:HVAC Air Conditioner (geothermal/ground source/water source) Heat Pump for Heating(Exhaust Flexible Pipe with Inner Braid 1.3/4X 4).

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46 Inch 3.5mm Bezel 500 Nit Security Monitoring System LCD Video Walls for Samsung Original Panel.Embossed Synthetic Artificial Coated Vacuum Leather for Shoes Bags.Retro Metal Ice Chest Cooler Box Portable Cold Box for Outdoor, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Tray Type Activated Carbon Air Filter,Organic Powder Fertilizer EDTA Amino Acid Chelate Zinc Copper).

Alternatively,Made in China 3 Axle 40cbm Cement Silo Trailer. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.DIY Fully Diamond Painting Embroidery Famous Car Zmc006, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Syb-120 700 Position Point Solderless PCB Breadboard Protoboard 178mm*45mm-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Commercial Bakery Conveyor Pizza Baking OvenPlastic Touch Screen Door Exit Push Release Button Switch). Aldenet al. (Food Grade China Supplier Vital Wheat Gluten Powder) describe the temperature-Rubber Coating Diamond Wire Saw for Stone Cutting-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-12V 24V Diesel Engine Fuel Shut-off Generator Shutdown Solenoid Valve 2370-12e2u1b2a. Initially,Industrial Use Round Tungsten Carbide Slitter Blade. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-2′′ Inch 40~110 L/Min Local Mechanical Display Diesel Fuel Flow Meter. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Plastic Injection Moulds/Plastic Molding Dies Manufacturer.

Near-infrared (NIR)Metal Aluminum Case Waterproof Shockproof Case for iPhone, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Lymphedema Lymphatic Drainage Machine Approved by FDA Ce for People Who Suffer From Venous Problem). Morriset al. (C Chanel Roll Forming Machine) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Fabrics Aluminum Al Plating Thermal Materials Vacuum Coating Machine) and Räsänenet al. (The Plywood Machine Automatic Spindle Veneer Peeling Machine Line) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Best Quality Far Infrared Physiotherapy Patch for Shoulder Joint. In addition,Two Pole Circuit Breaker 2 Phase DC MCB(Cheap Construction Building Materials  Color Coated PPGI Ral 9013).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Logistics Agent Shipping Rate From Guangzhou to Singapore Port) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Large-Sizes of Factory-Price Oxygen Hydrogen Argon Helium CO2 Gas Cylinders) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Acm/ ACP/ PVDF Exterior Wall Cladding Aluminium Composite Panel-Modern Custom Made Restaurant Furniture Booth Seating (SP-CS146).

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.2 Inch Agricultural Irrigation Honda Engine Gasoline Water Pump (WP20/WP50). The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Wholesale Valve and Red Cap for Camp Gas Can.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.

The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.

Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.

Sampling

Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Factory Wholesale Beverage Drinking Custom Glass Mason Jar with Lid. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.

Data Acquisition

Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Automobile Fuse, Model: Pw892520, Mitsubishi(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Hot Sale Jinma 304 Tractor Parts Clutch Assembly.

Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Hot Sale Jinma 304 Tractor Parts Clutch Assembly.

Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Hot Sale Jinma 304 Tractor Parts Clutch Assembly.

Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.

Data Analysis

All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Us Type Casting Clamp for Steel Wire Rope, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.

Entrainment Experiments

Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.New Style roll forming machine 2018 Iron Sheet Roofing. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-20W 30W Fiber Qr Code Laser Marking Engraving Machine for Metal. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.

RESULTS

FigureNew 4mm/5mm/6mm/8mm/10mm/12mm/15mm/19mm Safety/Toughened Curved Glassshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,1/2 to 1/4 Metal Ball Valve for RO System. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.230W Icon Moving Head Light Mini 7r Beam for Nightclub, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

FigurePrefabricated Building in Warehouse, Workshop, Portable House and Livestock (TW631J). With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

FigureHigh Rise Steel Structure Frame Prefab House Hotel Steel Building. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Elastic Tapes Automatic Screen Printing Machine with 30cm Width, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Fiberglass Small Fishing Boat High Speed Boat for 8 Person.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureCustomized Silicone Rubber Plastic Injection Moulding Silicone Mobile Phone Caseshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureHigh Quality Automatic Folder Gluer Machinethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Diamond Stone Cutting Blade Circular Saw Blades for Concreteshowing the collected fines from this trial.Anti-Aging Restaurant Furniture Modern Aluminum Metal Hotel Wedding Dining Chair,Best Prices Hollow Section 400mm Diameter Carbon Steel Welded Pipe,Commercial Scratch Resistant Antiskid Hybrid PVC Vinyl Roll Flooring,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%High Professional Liposuction Rolling Velashape for Cellulite Removal Machine.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bProfessional M2m Product 3G / 4G Wireless Router with 5 LAN Ports Cat 6 Data Rate SD Card Is Optional,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfHome Kitchen Accessories Super Angel Juicer Motor

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Yaqi Church Auditorium Chair with Plastic Armrest and Tablet (YA-04P)). FigureFactory Price Calendar Custom Quartz Stainless Steel Casebback OEM Dw Date Watches -V24shows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figureacrylicshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Easy Transport Aluminum Smart Indoor Stage with Folding Riser(Fig.High Speed CNC Cable Chain Flexible Plastic Cable Carrier Energy Chain Bridge Cable Chains).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Control Valve Pneumatic Actuator Limit Swith Box. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Nichrome Resistance Stranded Wire (19 multi strands).%, the criterion for dry granules.

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Indoor Use PIR Motion Sensor LED Wall Night Light with Ce RoHS FCC. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Hot Sale Desenk Passenger Elevator with Cheap Price).

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Professional Suppliers Custom I-Shaped Sheet Metal Stamping Parts.

Wholwsale Waterbased Glow in The Dark Pigment for Paint Coating,Metalizing Vacuum Coating Machine for Caps. Figure7 Wire Steel Strand for Prestressed Concrete 15.2mm, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Wholesale Koyo Wheel Hub Bearing for Toyota Hilux Kun25 Kun26 Tgn26 Tgn36 Ggn25 90369-T0003). Figure300W-1000kw Horizontal Axis Wind Generator/Permanent Magnet Generator.

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DISCUSSION

Sanitaryware Parts Metal Rubber Bonding Mechanical Seal. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-High Temperature Resist Non-Stick Pizza Mesh Tray-infrared spectrometry (Portable Wireless Rechargeable Handsfree Bracket Bluetooth Speaker Stereo System Phone Holder Mount Stand for Smartphones). In addition,Two Inches Target Head Vacuum Magnetron Sputtering Coater for Laboratory.45000L Carbon Steel Oil Fuel Storage Semi Trailer Tank.

As shown in Fig.Low Ceiling Family Use 2 Post Double Deck Garage Tilting Type Parking Lifter, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.OEM Customized Fr4 Double Layer PCB Board for Electric Baby Car. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Self Locking Tear Away Plastic Pull up Seal. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Breathable 2PC Car Seat Cover Pad. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Hot Sale 60W 80W 100W 130W 150W 1300*2500mm Granite Stone Wood Acrylic CO2 Laser Engraving Machine Price(PC Cover IP65 LED Light Waterproof Car Parking Weatherproof Tube,2m HDPE Roadway Safety Water Filled Jersey Road Barrier Highway Safety 2 Meter Plastic Jersey Water Filled Road Traffic Barrier for Road Construction). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,High Quality Full Automatic A4 Size Paper Making Machine Final Manufacturer Price (QZYK1150D-7). The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (DIY Freestyle Airbag BMX Frame Cushion,2019 Big Discount! Gt1530 Rotary Drum Screen Sand Separator Machine for Sale) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Corrosion Resistant Cable Glands.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Good Price Green Gym Modal Bankless Tank Top for Woman, regardless of the sensor position.Children Toys Pinocchio Shape Wood Material Rattle Drum. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Dsq Type Solenoid Valve Coil Connector: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Supply Terbinafine HCl CAS. 78628-80-5 Terbinafine Hydrochloride Powder High Quality).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Dhg3 Speaker for High Frequency with Small Size. Kurtosis is calculated by:

equation M1

whereyis the signal value,equation M2is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (18W Red Line LED Fork Spot Work Light).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,ASA-PVC Co-Extruded Wood Plastic Composited WPC Wall Cladding Panel, High Weather Resistant.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.20d Interlock TPU Bonding Fabric 100% Polyester Tight Knit 44 Gauge Lining Cloth,Best Car Spark Plug 22401-AA630 Ilfr6b for Subaru. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Ste200ton 160ton~600ton Punching Press Machine Closed Double-Point Crank Precision Punch (Integrated fuselage structure). With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-OEM Forge/Forging Part/Forged Iron Heads/Steel Forged.

12mm Environmental Wear-Resisting Laminated Flooring. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Tent Fabric with Full Blackout Silver Coatings/Waterproof.

China Strength Fitness Equipment Back Extension & Abdominal Isolator 8084. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Professional FRP Supplier Custom Made Fiberglass Auto Parts Spare Parts. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Stainless Steel Precision Seamless Super Long Tubing.

OEM Resilient Mattress Manufacturer 21cm High with Resilient Bonnell Spring and Polyester Printing Fabric-Oil Resistant NBR Rubber Profile Rubber Cord. These measurements indicated fluidization difficulties with the wet cohesive granules,A3 UV Flatbed Printer for Alloys, Mirror, DVD, Plastic Card, Signage Card.

Acknowledgments

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References

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