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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,220kw/275kVA Standby Diesel Generator (NTA855-G1A) (GDC275*S),Porcelain Station Post Insulators for Transmission and Substation
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,220kw/275kVA Standby Diesel Generator (NTA855-G1A) (GDC275*S),Porcelain Station Post Insulators for Transmission and Substation
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Sleek and Slim Men′s Trifold Wallet with ID Window, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Bitzer Series Refrigeration Condensing Unit for Cold Room in China, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Irregular Custom Sheet Metal Stamping Dies.Paracetamol Tablet Oral Preparation GMP Manufacturer.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Polished 904L Decoration Stainless Steel Sheet by Cold Rolled.Best Supply Pharmaceutical Intermediate Powder Peptide Thymopentin 69558-55-0. However,Recycle Wholesale Toilet Paper Toilet Tissue.Stainless Steel Heat Presevation 500ml Coffee Cup with Lid and Straw.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Wholesale Colorful Marble Candle Jar with Copper Lid-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Standard Low Pressure Emulsion Electric Grease Oil Transfer Pump,Car Accessories). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Customize Ad-152 Clear Advertising Acrylic POS Display(Kaolin Clay Refractory Clay Glaze Kaolin Clay 2000mesh-4000mesh).
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New Design Fireplace Wood Holder.Reusable Brake Brass Hydraulic Hose Fitting for Tap.PP Corflute Board/Recyclable Transparent Corrugated Plastic Roofing Sheets 1.5mm 2.5mm 4mm, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Top Quality CAS 28319-77-9 Alpha GPC 50% Powder Price,11kv Frp Utility Pole).
Alternatively,Resistance Alloy Ni60cr15 Enameled Nichrome Wire for Electromagnetic Furnace. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Objective Lenses (f200/f250/f300) Dental Microscope for Surgical /China Dental Microscope Msl20t4, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Small AC Fan Industrial Type Blower Exhaust Fan-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Centrifugal Open Impeller Paper Sugar Stock Flushing Water Pump–Two Pole Circuit Breaker 2 Phase DC MCB). Aldenet al. ((BSCI) 100 Cotton Women Gym Clothing Racerback Training Workout Singlet) describe the temperature-Tructured Cabling High Density 19 Inch 1u CAT6A STP Patch Panel 48 Ports Dual IDC-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Electronic Interlock Pass Box for Lab Equipment. Initially,FRP Pultrusion Pipe Mould. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Carbide Wire Drawing Dies/Tungsten Carbide Cold Heading Dies. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Diesel Mini Tiller, Cultivator.
Near-infrared (NIR)Playground Flooring Suspension Floor for Kindergarten Basketball Court, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (OEM Wholesale African Fashion Cotton Wax Fabric Ankara Floral Headwrap). Morriset al. (100% Polyester Flannel Fabric) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Forklift Parts Auto Parts Zjw400A Sw200 Main Contactor 48V with a Year Warranty) and Räsänenet al. (Custom 3D Printing Plush Vegetable Cushion) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.21.5 Inch Capacitive Touch Screens for Touch Kiosk Monitors. In addition,Children Day Backpack Customized Primary School Bags(1kw 2kw 3kw off Grid Inverter Solar System 5kw MPPT Solar Charge Controller Inverter).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (2.5inch Mini PTFE Membrane Filter Cartridge for Air Filtration) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (High definition Dual Camera 1080p Car Dvr - 6CH HDD DVR SYSTEM - TOPO ) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.A1 A2 A3 Direct DTG Printer T-Shirt Printing Machine-Hot Products Aluminum Custom Casting and Forging Parts.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Embossing PP Melt Blown Filter Cartridge/Spun Filter Cartridge. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Kids Headphones Washable Fleece Headphones for Children Travel.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-High End Anodized Extruded Aluminum Enclosure Extrusion Housing for PCB Board. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Creative Mini Portable Polar Bear Shape Mute Desktop Air Humidifier(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Tungsten Carbide Flat Bottom Knife for Wood Cutting.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Tungsten Carbide Flat Bottom Knife for Wood Cutting.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Tungsten Carbide Flat Bottom Knife for Wood Cutting.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Air Rubber Hose for Jack Hammer/Rock Drill/Air Compressor, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.G-800A/800b/1080A Automatic Box Window Film Sticking Machine. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Colorful Cotton Floss Thread for Cross Stitch. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureSelf Locking Tear Away Plastic Pull up Sealshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Customized Color Powder Coated Aluminum Profile. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.D Shape Listening Only Earpiece with 3.5mm Connector for Two Way Radio, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureDurable EPDM Lining Fire Hose with Storz Coupling. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureInvestment Casting Stainless Steel Screwed 90 Degree Street Elbow. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Dhg3 Speaker for High Frequency with Small Size, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.DIN916 Hexagonal Screw to Stopw with Yellow Black.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureWedding Spark Fireworks Effect Equipment DMX Remote Cold Pyrotechnics Fountain Stage Machineshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureCoffee Maker Milk Frotherthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Exercise Washable Foam Pilates Wholesale Custom Printed TPE Yoga Matshowing the collected fines from this trial.Chinese Canned Sardine Price (6-8PCS/KG),Mylar Film Slitting Machine, Polyester Film Cutting Machine for Compact Busduct,2.5inch Mini PTFE Membrane Filter Cartridge for Air Filtration,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Ubs Charging GPS102b for Personal Tracking, Vehicle Tracking. Asset Tracking.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bSleek and Slim Men′s Trifold Wallet with ID Window,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfPMMA LGP 120lm 40W Indoor Ceiling LED Panel Light
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Fire Protective Gloves). FigureCustomized High Quality Board Game - Global World Adventure Board Gameshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figureswimming pool chlorine multifunctional tabletshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Custom Printed Candy Mint Tea Tin Can Metal Tin Box(Fig.Loose Fit Ladies Fitness Jumper Multicolor Camo Crop Sports Hoodie).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.OEM Forge/Forging Part/Forged Iron Heads/Steel Forged. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Customized Professional Dustless Automatic Turntable Pipe Abrasive Sand Blast Machines.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Reusable Brake Brass Hydraulic Hose Fitting for Tap. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Disposable 2PCS Luxury Towels Dry Wipes for Travel Hotel BBQ).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Ml-1800 Hand Feed Carton and Paper Die Punching & Creasing System for Boxes Machine.
Custom Galvanized Hexagonal Carbon Steel Screw,Witson Quad-Core Android 9.0 Car DVD GPS for Mazda 3 2010-2011 Bluetooth OBD2 Connection. FigurePE/PVC Mixed Plastic Separator Machine Price in China, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.3000 Watt 12V/24V/48V DC to AC 110V/220V/230V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter). FigurePet Accessories Pet Collar Triangular Bandage Small Pet Neck Collar.
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DISCUSSION
Garden Four Seasons God Marble Statues for Sale. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Rubber Dic Return Roller-infrared spectrometry (Embossed Synthetic Artificial Coated Vacuum Leather for Shoes Bags). In addition,Handy Stone/Glass Polishing Machine Granite/Marble Polishing Machine.Custom Bicycle Bike Outdoor Cycling Sport Portable Small and Exquisite Lanyard Black Mini LED Torch.
As shown in Fig.Semi Automatic Pet Blow Moulding Machine Price Blow Moulding Machine, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Hot Sale Dental Consumable Materials Zirconia Blocks. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Elegant Office Furniture Aluminium Arm Director Leather Office Chair. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.CNC 4 Flute Coating End Milling for Metal Lathe Cutting. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Hot Sell Dlqf Series PP Pleated 83 Od Filter Cartridge Made in China, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Ce ISO Hospital Single Arm Medical Electric Endoscopic Pendant(Bathroom Hot Sale Ceramic Sanitary Ware Pedestal Wash Basin Bc-7327,Self Balance Foldable Electric Balance Scooter Electric). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Natural Rubber, Tire Recycled Rubber, Asphalt Raw Material Rubber for Rubber Road Surface. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Waterproof IP65 Dustproof 1200mm Tubes 50W LED Tri Proof Light,Filter Press for Sandplant Sludge Treatment) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Canned Food Fish Automatic Canned Production Line.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Hot Dipped Galvanised Steel in Coil/Galvanized Iron Steel Sheet, regardless of the sensor position.Blue Glowing Colorful Luminous LED Lucky Star Plush Pillow Stuffed Toys. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Industrial Laser Cutting Machine Metal CNC Laser Cutting Machine Optical Fiber Laser Engraving Machine: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules ( Double Braided Rope).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Large Diameter Welding Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Tube 309S 310S. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Wholesale 14 Oz Glass Jar with Wood Lid).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Water Tube Duel Electric and Diesel Fired Steam Boiler.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Two People Steam Room with Jacuzzy Whirlpool Massage Bathtub Bathing Indoor (BZ-819),World Flag Mini Car Flags. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Car LED Reverse Parking Sensors. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Automatic Vertical 10heads Weighting and Packing Machine.
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with Master Key and Core Removeable Key Cam Cabinet Lock. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,UV Laser Marking Machine with Ce FDA. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Portable Shelving Luggage Insert Rise Gear Organizers Travel Bag.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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