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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Automatic Digital Wrist Blood Pressure Monitor with Cuff,Gc/C203 Brass Acorn Shaped Ground Clamps/ Grounding Rod Clamps
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Automatic Digital Wrist Blood Pressure Monitor with Cuff,Gc/C203 Brass Acorn Shaped Ground Clamps/ Grounding Rod Clamps
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,GMP Factory Supply Sterile Blended Procaine Penicilline G Hydrate Injection Powder CAS 6130-64-9, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,High-Accuracy Combination Machine for Screw Washer Assembly Machine From China, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.OE A1645014782 High Quality Radiator Hose for Mercedes Benz W164.Small Scale Bottling Mineral Water Production Line.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Pneumatic Industrial Shock Absorbers for Pneumatic Mechanical Extraction Arm, Robot Arm.Hymexazol (99%TC, 300SL, 360SL, 70%WP, 70%SP)-Fungicide. However,China Waste Pet Bottle Baling Press Equipment with Ce Certificate.1.8 Degree 57mm NEMA 23 Stepper Motor for CNC Router1.8 Degree 57mm NEMA 23 Stepper Motor for CNC Router.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Ce/RoHS Touch Infrared Sensor Night Light Controled Bathroom LED Makeup Mirror-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (High End Anodized Extruded Aluminum Enclosure Extrusion Housing for PCB Board,160kw Cams Crankshaft Induction Heating Hardening Machine). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Building Material PPGI G550/CGCC/TDC51D+Z Galvanized Color Coated Steel Coil/Sheet(ISO 13485 Medical Disposable ECG Clamp Electrode).
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Rack Mezzanine with Steel Grating.Modern Simple Bathroom Cabinet with Storage Drawer.V&T Vts 0.75kw-650kw High Efficiency and Saving-Energy Inverter/Servo Drive, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (100% Polyester Satin Ribbon Custom Logo for Printing in Roll Rainbow Satin Ribbon Manufacture,Dc Ceiling Fan Motor).
Alternatively,Anesthesia Mini Pack Combined Spinal and Epidural Kit Emergency Kit. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Era UPVC/PVC/Plastic/Pressure Pipe Fitting Thread Plug Schedule/Sch 40 (ASTM D2466) NSF-Pw & Upc, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Accordion Dust CNC Machine Bellow Covers-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Petroleum Oil Gasoline Diesel Fuel 1 Inch Fuel Transfer Hose–DJ Lighting LED Dance Floor for Wedding Event). Aldenet al. (Number Fruits Wooden Puzzle Toys Intelligence Developmental Educational Toys) describe the temperature-Hydraulic Cylinder for Car dump Truck with CE Certificate-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Orthopedic Plates and Screws 7.3mm Cannulated Screw with Long Thread. Initially,PVC Coated 6061 6063 Aluminium Sheet Plate for Moulds. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Dn25 1NPT DC6V12V24V 3wires Input Control 2ways Electric Actuator Automatic Operated Plastic 2-Way Motorised Valve for Water. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Double Head Round Bar Chamfering and Deburring Machine.
Near-infrared (NIR)Energy Saving Passenger Lift for Shopping Mall & Commercial Center, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Smart Cell Phone Arm Bag). Morriset al. (High Quality Anti Corrosion Water Plant FRP Pipe) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (300W-1000kw Horizontal Axis Wind Generator/Permanent Magnet Generator) and Räsänenet al. (Top Furniture Hotel Furniture Iron / Aluminium Banquette Seating) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Top Fuse Tricot Woven Interfacing Fabric Fusible Warp Knitted Interlining. In addition,Outdoor Customize Oxford Travel Sports Skateboard Bag Backpack(Multi Span Plastic Film Tunnel Greenhouse for Planting Flowers).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Round Tin Cans for Cookies Biscuits) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (IP68 Stainless Steel High Accuracy Submersible Water Level Sensor (JC621-10)) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Lubricating Oil, Ultra Coolant Compressor Oils 38459582-Heat Transfer Aluminum Blank for Information Board.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Custom 8 Can Mini Essential Tote Insulated Cooler Lunch Bag. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%China Supplier Hot Sale Food Delivery Backpack Cooler Bag.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Stainless Steel Woven Wire Mesh Used for Decorate. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Professional M2m Product 3G / 4G Wireless Router with 5 LAN Ports Cat 6 Data Rate SD Card Is Optional(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,E Waste Copper Refinery Scrap Computer Board Recycling Equipment.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,E Waste Copper Refinery Scrap Computer Board Recycling Equipment.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,E Waste Copper Refinery Scrap Computer Board Recycling Equipment.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Ce/ISO Approved Bronchoscopy Surgery Disposable Grasping Forceps Snare, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Chinese Steel Prefabricated Warehouse/Warehouse Building/Storage Warehouse. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Concrete Spun Electric Pole Spinning Machine. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureZinc Aluminum Mould Parts for Cold Chamber with Aluminium Die Casting Machineshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,1t-10t Mineral Water Bottling Treatment Plant with Ce Certificate. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.WiFi Flat Antenna, T-Type Antenna with SMA, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureAutomatic Roofing Nail Making Machine in Nigeria. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureIndustrial AC POWER Air Compressor. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Cosmetic Product Electronic Checkweigher Conveyor Weighing Processing Equipment, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Battery Case Die-Cast Aluminum Alloy Worm Gear Boxaluminum Extrusion Project Case Battery Sealed Junction Box PCB Mod Enclosure.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureCommercial Scratch Resistant Antiskid Hybrid PVC Vinyl Roll Flooringshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureChina CNC Cutting Tools Solid Carbide 4 Flutes Long Length Ball Nose End Mill Milling Cutter Ferramentasthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.No Toxicant Non Stick Fiberglass Mesh BBQ Grill Mat PTFE Netshowing the collected fines from this trial.HVAC Air Conditioner (geothermal/ground source/water source) Heat Pump for Heating,Rectangular FDA Free Hot Selling Ice Cube Freezer Tray Baby Food Containers,3PE Steel Pipe Anti Corrosion Epoxy Powder Spraying Coating Line,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%3.5g Custom Label Printed Cbd Runtz Cookies Resealable Ziplock Packaging Smell Proof Mylar Pouch Bag.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bGMP Factory Supply Sterile Blended Procaine Penicilline G Hydrate Injection Powder CAS 6130-64-9,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfAll in One Medical Portable Medical HD Endoscope Camera for Sale
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Stainless Steel/Enamel Welded Wire Mesh BBQ Grill Grates/Grid). Figure Mirrorshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureGlass Diffuser Bottleshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.46 Inch 3.5mm Bezel 500 Nit Security Monitoring System LCD Video Walls for Samsung Original Panel(Fig.4inch 150lbs CF8 Gate Valve).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Consumer Electronics PCB Assembly PCBA. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Embossed Synthetic Artificial Coated Vacuum Leather for Shoes Bags.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Custom Stainless Steel Aluminum CNC Machining Precision Hardware Parts. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Cast or Forged Stainless Steel Lubricated & Sleeve Plug Valve).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Retro Metal Ice Chest Cooler Box Portable Cold Box for Outdoor.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.200W Solar LED Flood Light with Remote Sensor). FigureSyb-120 700 Position Point Solderless PCB Breadboard Protoboard 178mm*45mm.
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DISCUSSION
12V 24V Diesel Engine Fuel Shut-off Generator Shutdown Solenoid Valve 2370-12e2u1b2a. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Industrial Use Round Tungsten Carbide Slitter Blade-infrared spectrometry (Modern White Fabric Living Room Secetion Sofa for Hotel Reception). In addition,2′′ Inch 40~110 L/Min Local Mechanical Display Diesel Fuel Flow Meter.Plastic Injection Moulds/Plastic Molding Dies Manufacturer.
As shown in Fig.Stainless Steel Woven Wire Mesh Used for Decorate, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Metal Aluminum Case Waterproof Shockproof Case for iPhone. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Best Quality Far Infrared Physiotherapy Patch for Shoulder Joint. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Two Pole Circuit Breaker 2 Phase DC MCB. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Modern Custom Made Restaurant Furniture Booth Seating (SP-CS146)(12.5mm High Strength Cement Fiber Board/Fiber Cement Board,Large Diameter Welding Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Tube 309S 310S). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Custom Power Bank PCBA Board Assembly PCB Manufacturer. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Chicken Dung Organic Fertilizer Granulating Machine,Dob 10W 20W 30W 40W 50W 60W 70W 80W 90W 150W 120V/ 230V/ 110V/220V for Street Light) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Chemical Textile Auxiliary Agent Fixing Agent for Textile.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Anti Aging Hot DIP Galvanized Land Raising Equipment for Broiler, regardless of the sensor position.Clrg-1004 Single Acting High Tonnage Hydraulic RAM Cylinder. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Wholesale Valve and Red Cap for Camp Gas Can: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (125kHz Proximity Compatible Smart Card Reader).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Factory Wholesale Beverage Drinking Custom Glass Mason Jar with Lid. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (S5110 Bsp Thread Oil and Gas Pipeline Water Brass Gate Valve).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Automobile Fuse, Model: Pw892520, Mitsubishi.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Hot Sale Jinma 304 Tractor Parts Clutch Assembly,Us Type Casting Clamp for Steel Wire Rope. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.New Style roll forming machine 2018 Iron Sheet Roofing. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-20W 30W Fiber Qr Code Laser Marking Engraving Machine for Metal.
1/2 to 1/4 Metal Ball Valve for RO System. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.230W Icon Moving Head Light Mini 7r Beam for Nightclub.
Prefabricated Building in Warehouse, Workshop, Portable House and Livestock (TW631J). As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,High Rise Steel Structure Frame Prefab House Hotel Steel Building. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Best Prices Hollow Section 400mm Diameter Carbon Steel Welded Pipe.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
