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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Food Grade Tannic Acid with Best Price 70% 80% 99%,Factory Supply Battery LED Barrier Warning Strobe for Car Truck
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Food Grade Tannic Acid with Best Price 70% 80% 99%,Factory Supply Battery LED Barrier Warning Strobe for Car Truck
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Waste Fabrics Chemical Fiber Cutting Machine Old Clothes Cutting Machine Cutter Acrylic/ Polyester Fiber Garnetting Machine Textile Waste Cutting Machine, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Made in China 500 kVA Diesel Generator, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Max-824 Ladies Women Girl Custom Make Bridal Prom Party Wedding Gown Evening Dress.Low Pressure Die Casting Diecast Aluminum Box.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,HP UHP Carbon Graphite Electrode for Electric Arc Furnace Smelting.19X15W Big DMX Professional Stage LED Moving Head B-Eye K10. However,Portable Patio Party Bar Drink Cooler Cart.Alstom Valve Optipow105 135 Diaphragm.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Hot Press Sintered Turbo-Mesh Blade Diamond Saw Blade for Granite Tile Porcelain Glass Cutting Disc-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Modern Tufted Restaurant Booth Seating with Button (HD661),Fluorescence Filter Fitc). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:8X8 Self-Locking Push Switch 6 Pin Push Button Switch(Intelligent Pid Temperature Controller Box for Industrial Usage Xmt-7100).
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P2.571 Indoor Digital Advertising Floor Standing LED Poster Display.Nylon/ABS/POM Mechanical Precision Push Button CNC Machining Parts.High Quality and Low Price EDTA-Fe, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (High Temperature and Humidity Environmental Cycle Test Chamber,Armored Cable Suppliers for Sale).
Alternatively,Fashion White Color Acrylic Plastic Resin X Cross Back Chair. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Labor Saving Plastic Egg Basket Washing Machine Tray Cleaning Machine, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Corrugated Plastic Lawn Signs-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Toilet Tank Fitting for 2 Piece Ceramic–Auto Rubber Parts Making Machine Stopper Machine Vacuum Press Machine). Aldenet al. (Custom Connecting Fittings Type Bolt and Fastener) describe the temperature-Stainless Steel Insulated Casseroles Hot Pot-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Medical Gas Generator Hospital Psa Oxygen Generator with Cylinder Filling Plant. Initially,Advertising Outdoor Banner Flag Flag Beach Flag Frather Flag. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-120ml Sterile Urine Specimen Cup. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-UHF Self Adhesive Aln9654 Windshield Label RFID Tag.
Near-infrared (NIR)Factory Price of 250 mm Graphite Electrode, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Factory Price Mobile Phone LCD Touch Screen for Apple iPhone 8 Plus). Morriset al. (Frameless LED Ceiling Light 60*60cm Recessed Interior Panel Lighting) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Abrasion Resistant Corrugated Rubber Conveyor Belt for Coal) and Räsänenet al. (PVC Coated Fusion Glued and Bonded Wire) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Ketchup Pouch/Bag/Tray Automatic Fill Seal Vacuum Packaging Machine. In addition,100kg-5000kg Permanent Magnetic Plate Lifter Heavy Duty Crane Hoist Lifting Magnet(Yrf Hotel Slippers Travel Toiletry Kit Professional Hotel Mini Sewing Kit).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Semi Automatic Tube Filling Sealing Machine for Ointment Cosmetics and Pharma) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Carbon Graphite Electrodes Suppliers/Manufacturers for Sale) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Kennametal Conical Scarifier Blade Tools C87kcsbsr 1010937-Professional Grade 3m Super 33+ Vinyl PVC Electrical Tape Cinta.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Human Virgin Hair Extension Hair Bundle with Silky Straight. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%PVC Pipe Furniture Grade Schedule 40 8 in 10 FT. Length PVC Piping List PVC Pipe Class 125 150 Custom Size PVC Piping.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-EDTA-Zn with High Quality and Competitive Price. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Plastic Self Locking Nylon Cable Tie Manufacturers, Red Cable Ties(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,China Supplier IP67 Outdoor Lighting 500W LED Floodlight for Stadium.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,China Supplier IP67 Outdoor Lighting 500W LED Floodlight for Stadium.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,China Supplier IP67 Outdoor Lighting 500W LED Floodlight for Stadium.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Hot Sale Plastic Mini Desktop Trash Can / Table Dustbin / Waste Can, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.High Precision Sf0499 Augular Ball Bearing Automotive Bearing. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Honeywell Room Thermostat for Central Air-Conditioning T6373A1108. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureStainless Steel 304 316 EPDM Bonded Sealing Washershows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Glass Transport Using High Hardness Crane Arm for Sale. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Popular Facial Mask Acrylic Cosmetic Display for Show Case, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
Figure2019 Party DIY Smart Touch Screen Magic Mirror Photobooth. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigurePolyester Cotton T/C Suede Feel Color Rubber Coating Cotton Fabric. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.70GSM 80GSM Customize A4 Copy Huijun Paper for Office Supply, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Light Roof Prefabricated Steel Structure for Parking.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureMission 40 High Air Presure DTH Button Bitsshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigurePlate Heat Press Heaterthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Best Price 316 Stainless Steel Sheets and Coilsshowing the collected fines from this trial.12V torque DC gear motor for electric lawn mowers,Computerized Multi-Needle Shuttleless Quilting Machine (HY-W-JH),Industrial Custom Gt2 Gt3 Conveyor Timing Belt Rubber,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Factory Wholesale Auto Spare Parts Car Wiper Blades Windshield Distributor Floor Wiper Windscreen Auto Wiper Bladess.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bWaste Fabrics Chemical Fiber Cutting Machine Old Clothes Cutting Machine Cutter Acrylic/ Polyester Fiber Garnetting Machine Textile Waste Cutting Machine,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfSquare Silicone Extrusion Foam Rubber Sponge Seal Strip
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.CNC Machining Precision Customized Mechanical Parts). FigureHot Sell 4 Zones Walk-Through Metal Detector Gate Door Frame Metal Detector with Remote Controlshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureShrink Filmshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Tn Digit Custom LCD 7 Segment LCD(Fig.Double UPVC WPC PVC Plastic Pipe Making Extrusion Line).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig. High Weather Resistant. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:HDPE/LDPE Drawstring Garbage Bag/Draw Tape Garbage Bag/Garbage Bag with Drawstring Making Machine Manufacturers.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Chusheng 40FT Container Cargo Wall Side Semi-Trailer Price. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Small Portable Submersible Water Air Cooler Pump for Fountain).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.OEM Foundry Parts Water Glass Sand Casting Excavator Parts.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Big Office Coworking Desk 4 People Group). FigureHot Sales Rubber Shock Absorber Motorcycle.
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DISCUSSION
Rechargeable 48V 240ah Agv LiFePO4 Battery Pack OEM&ODM. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Custom 8 Can Mini Essential Tote Insulated Cooler Lunch Bag-infrared spectrometry (2018 Spectator Telescopic Bleacher Seating Professional Grandstand Bleachers). In addition,Sanitary Grade Manhole Cover with Stainless Steel Handwheel.China Supplier Carbon Steel 4.8 8.8 Grade Color Zinc Plated DIN6921 Hex Flange Bolt.
As shown in Fig.Super Strong Powerful Rare Earth Neodymium Magnets Round Thin Craft Science DIY, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Electric Portable Pipe Beveling Chamfering Milling Machine. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,3mm/6mm/9mm Packing Plywood with Cheap Price. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Dmais Newest Design Electric Lamination Machine. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Nylon Rope with Knot, Know Rope, Double Braided Rope, Marine Rope, Anchor Rope(Block Neodymium Magnet with Nickel Coating,Us Type Casting Clamp for Steel Wire Rope). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Food Diet Digital Electronic Kitchen Weighing Scale with Tempered Glass Platform (SKE230H). The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (High Quality CCCW Cementitious Capillary Crystalline Waterproof Coating for Construction,Paracetamol Tablet Oral Preparation GMP Manufacturer) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Kaolin Clay Refractory Clay Glaze Kaolin Clay 2000mesh-4000mesh.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-23km/H Two Wheel Smart Balance Electric Scooter Adult Folding Electric Scooter, regardless of the sensor position.High Quality Custom Plain Shirting 100% Cotton Fabric. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Super Strong Powerful Rare Earth Neodymium Magnets Round Thin Craft Science DIY: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Latest Technologysus304L Heat Exchanger Shell and Tube for Cooling Sea Water).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Sliding Glass Door Ss201 Matt Glass Door Lock with Lever Handles. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Axial Magnetized Magnet Disk Supplier Best-Selling).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Hot Sale PVC Coated Galvanized 3D Curvel Welded Wire Mesh Fence.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Event Wedding Aluminum Backdrop Stand, Pipe and Drape Wedding,Professional Hair Removal IPL Shr Machine with FDA, Medical Ce. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Round Cosmetic Powder Puff, Face Makeup Sponge. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Electric Screw Air Compressor SEP850G.
Automatic Plastic Cup Counting Packaging Machine. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Carbon Steel Color-Zinc Plated A193 B7 Stud Bolt.
Hot Sale Supply Stainless Steel PTFE Teflon Hose. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Lost Wax Casting/Investment Casting Parts Manufacture in China. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Rotary Barrel Finishing Machines.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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