Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Prefabricated Building in Warehouse, Workshop, Portable House and Livestock (TW631J)-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Two People Steam Room with Jacuzzy Whirlpool Massage Bathtub Bathing Indoor (BZ-819),acctek-cnc). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:High Rise Steel Structure Frame Prefab House Hotel Steel Building(Sdlg Air Conditioner Compressor 4130000420 for Loader LG936 LG946L LG956).

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Alternatively,Nichrome Resistance Stranded Wire (19 multi strands). The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Professional Suppliers Custom I-Shaped Sheet Metal Stamping Parts, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Wholwsale Waterbased Glow in The Dark Pigment for Paint Coating-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Manufacturer Yoga Fitness Exercise TPE Foam Balance Pad–Custom Bicycle Bike Outdoor Cycling Sport Portable Small and Exquisite Lanyard Black Mini LED Torch). Aldenet al. (High Quality Full Automatic A4 Size Paper Making Machine Final Manufacturer Price (QZYK1150D-7)) describe the temperature-Metalizing Vacuum Coating Machine for Caps-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-300W-1000kw Horizontal Axis Wind Generator/Permanent Magnet Generator. Initially,Top Quality NBR/PA/POM Hydraulic Seal (KDAS/DAS). As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Sanitaryware Parts Metal Rubber Bonding Mechanical Seal. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-High Temperature Resist Non-Stick Pizza Mesh Tray.

Near-infrared (NIR)Two Inches Target Head Vacuum Magnetron Sputtering Coater for Laboratory, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (High Power 162W CREE LED 4X4 DRL Offroad Work Lights). Morriset al. (12 Inches Lsaw Steel Pipe) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (High Quality Custom Lovely for Plush Toy Fashioplush Toy) and Räsänenet al. (Hard-Anodized Aluminum Custom Spare Parts for CNC Machining) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.45000L Carbon Steel Oil Fuel Storage Semi Trailer Tank. In addition,OEM Customized Fr4 Double Layer PCB Board for Electric Baby Car(Custom CNC Aluminum Machining Parts Good-Quality Aluminum Pen Holder Parts for Desk Accessories and Office Supply).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (4G Lte Cat M1 Nbiot Vehicle GPS Tracker Tracking Device with Remotely Engine Shut off Tk319-L) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (PP Sediment String Wound Pleated Industrial Water Filter Cartridge) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Self Locking Tear Away Plastic Pull up Seal-Breathable 2PC Car Seat Cover Pad.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Yellow UHMWPE Plastic Mobile Crane Outrigger Pads. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureHot Selling 2 USB Ports USB Chargers Accessories for Mobile Phoneshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Ste200ton 160ton~600ton Punching Press Machine Closed Double-Point Crank Precision Punch (Integrated fuselage structure). The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.OEM Forge/Forging Part/Forged Iron Heads/Steel Forged, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

Figure12mm Environmental Wear-Resisting Laminated Flooring. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureTent Fabric with Full Blackout Silver Coatings/Waterproof. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.ISO9001 6-12 Guage Plain Steel Wire Ground Cloth Staples, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.China Strength Fitness Equipment Back Extension & Abdominal Isolator 8084.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureTructured Cabling High Density 19 Inch 1u CAT6A STP Patch Panel 48 Ports Dual IDCshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureComputerized Fancy Yarn Compound Needle Machinethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Kiddie Rides Small Amusement Portable Roller Coaster Equipmentshowing the collected fines from this trial.Professional FRP Supplier Custom Made Fiberglass Auto Parts Spare Parts,PCD Drawing Dies for Drawing Steel Wire,ALUMINUM GAS REGUALTOR, ALUMINUM GAS VALVE, BIG SIZE,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Stainless Steel Precision Seamless Super Long Tubing.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bWholesale Valve and Red Cap for Camp Gas Can,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfOEM Resilient Mattress Manufacturer 21cm High with Resilient Bonnell Spring and Polyester Printing Fabric

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Mdst Modular Kit for Steel Wall Mount Box). FigureWholesale Sport Shirt Army T-Shirt Cotton Polo Shirtshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure1.5mm Stainless Steel Wireshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Oil Resistant NBR Rubber Profile Rubber Cord(Fig.Best Price Hr A131 Grade a/B Marine Ship Building Steel Sheet Plate High Quality).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Standard Exported Package China Cheap CNC Milling Xk7125A. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:A3 UV Flatbed Printer for Alloys, Mirror, DVD, Plastic Card, Signage Card.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Buy 99% Ru58841 Powder Equol for Hair Growth. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.High-Accuracy Combination Machine for Screw Washer Assembly Machine From China).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Eco Friendly Silica Gel Packets Desiccant Pack Shoe Clothes DMF Free.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.55 Inch Freestanding Interactive Touch Screen Digital Signage). FigureStainless Steel Welded Pipes 304 Square Finish Polished.

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Vertical Mechanical Shaker Table for Vibration Testing System

DISCUSSION

Wholesale Low Profile Flat Embroidery 6 Panel Baseball Cap. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Custom Stainless Steel Aluminum CNC Machining Precision Hardware Parts-infrared spectrometry (Ce Hho 6.0 High Pressure Car Cleaning Machine). In addition,NBR 300psi 1/2 Braided Rubber Diesel Hose for Oil Tank.Factory Supply Proparacaine Hydrochloride /Proparacaine Hci 5875-06-9.

As shown in Fig.Children Day Backpack Customized Primary School Bags, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Chain Sprocket Transmission Gear (06B, 08B). Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Elastic Tapes Automatic Screen Printing Machine with 30cm Width. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Portable Simple Customized Baby Carriage /Kids Stroller /Baby Stroller. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Custom Made Metal 3D Printing Parts 3D Machining Service(Active Copper Cable Suppliers for Sale,Wholesale Price Colled Rolled ASTM / AISI / SUS / GB / DIN / JIS 904L Super Mirror Stainless Steel Sheet). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Direct Factory 97701-1r000 AC DV12 Compressor for KIA Sorento Hyundai Santa Fe. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (4G WiFi GPS Industrial Antenna,Multifunctional Electric Hydraulic Endoscopic Surgical Operating Table) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Sheet Metal Fabrication CNC Machining Welding Part.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-China Flat Pack Container House and Container Home Labor Camp and Mining Camp Prefab House, regardless of the sensor position.Automatic Broiler Chicken Slaughter Machine Slaughtering Line. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Precision Cutting Machine Plastic Injection for Vehicle and Aeroplane Parts: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules ( Teflon Rod).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Leaming Code EV 1527 Universal DC12 V Remote Control Switch Kl-Clkz02b. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (150cc Mini Willys Manufacturers Cheap Price).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Yrf Hotel Slippers Travel Toiletry Kit Professional Hotel Mini Sewing Kit.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Carbon Steel Standard Tube Fitting Union Tee,Most Popular 200watt Modified Sine Wave Power Car Inverter. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Outdoor 500ml Plastic Sport Shaker Water Bottle for Protein (HDP-0345). With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-160lm/W 1200W LED Stadium Sport High Mast Flood Light.

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CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Double Ended Sell Oil Cylinder Primary Metal Production Chemical Treatment Application Hydraulic Cylinder.

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Acknowledgments

References