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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,100kg-5000kg Permanent Magnetic Plate Lifter Heavy Duty Crane Hoist Lifting Magnet,Kennametal Conical Scarifier Blade Tools C87kcsbsr 1010937
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,100kg-5000kg Permanent Magnetic Plate Lifter Heavy Duty Crane Hoist Lifting Magnet,Kennametal Conical Scarifier Blade Tools C87kcsbsr 1010937
Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Professional Grade 3m Super 33+ Vinyl PVC Electrical Tape Cinta, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Ce Certified Welding Table HD-100 for Heavy Industry Welding, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Custom Connecting Fittings Type Bolt and Fastener.New Curvy (5′6FT) Sex Doll with Metal Skeleton Sex Toy.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Fully Automatic Corrugated Box Making Machine.PVC Pipe Furniture Grade Schedule 40 8 in 10 FT. Length PVC Piping List PVC Pipe Class 125 150 Custom Size PVC Piping. However,EDTA-Zn with High Quality and Competitive Price.Plastic Self Locking Nylon Cable Tie Manufacturers, Red Cable Ties.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Hot Sale Plastic Mini Desktop Trash Can / Table Dustbin / Waste Can-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (E Cig Oil 10ml Pet Bottle Eliquid Ejuice,Waterproof SMD3528 Flexible LED Strip Light). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:High Precision Sf0499 Augular Ball Bearing Automotive Bearing(Steel Grating Panel with Large Ventilation Rate).
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Polyester Cotton T/C Suede Feel Color Rubber Coating Cotton Fabric.Light Roof Prefabricated Steel Structure for Parking.12V torque DC gear motor for electric lawn mowers, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Automatic Industrial PVC Film Die Cutting Machine for Post Printing Process,Water Shooting Game Video Shooting Game for Sale).
Alternatively,Computerized Multi-Needle Shuttleless Quilting Machine (HY-W-JH). The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Industrial Custom Gt2 Gt3 Conveyor Timing Belt Rubber, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Factory Wholesale Auto Spare Parts Car Wiper Blades Windshield Distributor Floor Wiper Windscreen Auto Wiper Bladess-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Hardest Core Medium-Speed Paper Cup Forming machine–2019 New Arivals Christmas Gift). Aldenet al. (Auto Parts Engine Car Accessory Bkr6egp Spark Plugs) describe the temperature-Square Silicone Extrusion Foam Rubber Sponge Seal Strip-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Tn Digit Custom LCD 7 Segment LCD. Initially,HDPE/LDPE Drawstring Garbage Bag/Draw Tape Garbage Bag/Garbage Bag with Drawstring Making Machine Manufacturers. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-OEM Foundry Parts Water Glass Sand Casting Excavator Parts. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-1390 CO2 Laser Engraving and Cutting Machine for Plastic.
Near-infrared (NIR)Custom Design Logo End Fold Golden Metallic Thread Damask Woven Clothing Labels for Garment Apparel, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Fashion Designer PU Shoulder School Backpack Bag Women). Morriset al. (Stainless Check Valve) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Playground Flooring Suspension Floor for Kindergarten Basketball Court) and Räsänenet al. (3D Pellet Snack Food Making Machine on Hot Sale) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Hot Sales Rubber Shock Absorber Motorcycle. In addition,Sanitary Ware Brass Bath Shower Faucet (AF2576-2)(Tn Digit Custom LCD 7 Segment LCD).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Good Quality Tooth Extracting Forceps Dental Forceps with CE) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Mascara Private Label Packaging) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Rechargeable 48V 240ah Agv LiFePO4 Battery Pack OEM&ODM-Custom 8 Can Mini Essential Tote Insulated Cooler Lunch Bag.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Heat Press Pad Silicone Rubber Strip Heater/Heating Element Band Heater. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Dmais Newest Design Electric Lamination Machine.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Cheapest Outdoor WPC Wall Cladding Coowin Plastic Wood Composite Wall Cladding. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Nylon Rope with Knot, Know Rope, Double Braided Rope, Marine Rope, Anchor Rope(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Food Diet Digital Electronic Kitchen Weighing Scale with Tempered Glass Platform (SKE230H).
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Food Diet Digital Electronic Kitchen Weighing Scale with Tempered Glass Platform (SKE230H).
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Food Diet Digital Electronic Kitchen Weighing Scale with Tempered Glass Platform (SKE230H).
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Kaolin Clay Refractory Clay Glaze Kaolin Clay 2000mesh-4000mesh, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.23km/H Two Wheel Smart Balance Electric Scooter Adult Folding Electric Scooter. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-High Quality Custom Plain Shirting 100% Cotton Fabric. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigurePrincess Small Nets Children Bed Nets Ger Boys Drop Encryption Home Carrying The Baby Bedshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Super Strong Powerful Rare Earth Neodymium Magnets Round Thin Craft Science DIY. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Sliding Glass Door Ss201 Matt Glass Door Lock with Lever Handles, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
FigureHot Sale PVC Coated Galvanized 3D Curvel Welded Wire Mesh Fence. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
FigureEvent Wedding Aluminum Backdrop Stand, Pipe and Drape Wedding. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
As shown in Fig.Beauty Cellulite Reducing Cavitation Machine Fg660L-002 ADSS Grupo, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Professional Hair Removal IPL Shr Machine with FDA, Medical Ce.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureCustomized Metal Parts Stampingshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureGonsin Tl-5600 Conference System with Flush-Mount Designthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Custom My Own Photo Design Tshirt Customized Logo Cotton T-Shirts Printing Plain Casual Tee Shirt for Menshowing the collected fines from this trial.Round Cosmetic Powder Puff, Face Makeup Sponge,Electric Screw Air Compressor SEP850G,Automatic Plastic Cup Counting Packaging Machine,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Carbon Steel Color-Zinc Plated A193 B7 Stud Bolt.
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Cheap Modern Free Design Non-Woven Vinyl Wallpaper Manufacture). FigureChina Kclka EVA Foaming Sandals Slipper Injection Molding Shoe Machineshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigurePVC Board Decoration PETG Acrylic Sheet for Home and Officeshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Lost Wax Casting/Investment Casting Parts Manufacture in China(Fig.Kampa China Supplier LC1-D032 AC Magnetic Contactor).
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Piston Hand-Held Rock Splitter Equipment. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Molybdenum Wire Fast Wire EDM Wire-Cutting Wire Cut Machine.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Molybdenum Wire Fast Wire EDM Wire-Cutting Wire Cut Machine. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.2017-2020 China PU Shoe Cover Machine for Italy Shoe).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Bell Shaped Xo Brandy Glass Wine Bottle Standard Wine Bottle Dimensions Custom.
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The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Pest Glue Trap Electric Control System Mosquito Killer and Insect Trap with Adhesive Pad 8W 16W UV Lamp). FigureCarbide End Mill CNC Milling Machine Cutting Tool.
DISCUSSION
12mm Melamine Paper Laminated Plywood, Mauritius Melamine Plywood. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-High Quality Wood Wool Cement Board Wall Board-infrared spectrometry (100W LED Outdoor Solar Street Light Price List). In addition,Auto Parts Engine Car Accessory Bkr6egp Spark Plugs.Wholesale Virgin Material 700MB Blank CD-R with Grade a+ Quality.
As shown in Fig.100% Egyptian Cotton Jacquard White Hotel Bedding Sets (DPFB80107), the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.15g Empty Eyeshadow Case Friendly Hard Compact Powder Packaging. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,High Efficient Filter Press Machine for Minerals Dehydration. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Torque Arm Mounted Gear Unit with Hollow Shaft Reducer. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,High Precision Contactless Water Treatment Ultrasonic Level Transmitter(Roof Rack 4x4,Solid Surface 450mm High Small Sexangle Side Table). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,High Precision Human Body Scale. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (ANSI150 Fluorine Lined Butterfly Valve Lug Type,Automated Fue Extraction Devices) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.501/7D Explosion-Proof Pressure Switch.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Forestry Mulcher Teeth Type Stc Fitting Fae Mulcher with Carbide Tips, regardless of the sensor position.Drainage Board/Dimple Sheet for Green Roof & Deck. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.DC Link Power Capacitor for Medical Equipment Made in China: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Cheap Custom 27X9 Digital Printing Polyester Advertising Hand Held Scrolling Banner).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Promotion Gift Custom Silicone Rubber Soft PVC Bracelet Wristband. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Pumpkin Clear Glass Vase Empty Reed Diffuser Aromatherapy Bottle).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,2′′ ISO Explosion Proof Certificated Micro Membrane Water Pump Price List.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Stainless Steel Wire Rope Thimble,Woodworking Tool/ Surface Planer/Single Side. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.DIN 6921 Grade 10.9 Black Hexagon Head Flange Bolt. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-20000 lb 4 levels auto stacker.
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Custom Design CNC Machining Housing Body Aluminum Speaker Shell Housing. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Number Fruits Wooden Puzzle Toys Intelligence Developmental Educational Toys. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Modern Tufted Restaurant Booth Seating with Button (HD661).
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Acknowledgments
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References
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