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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,China Good Supplier High Absorbent Lady Soft Sanitary Napkin Manufacturer,42 Inch Floor Standing Digital Signage LED Advertising
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,China Good Supplier High Absorbent Lady Soft Sanitary Napkin Manufacturer,42 Inch Floor Standing Digital Signage LED Advertising
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,PU/PUR/PIR Insulated Sandwich Panel, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,circle plate aluminium for traffic sign, traffic, Traffic signal, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Pet Twistable Film for Taffee Candy Wrapping.Water-Removal Turbine Oil Flushing Machine (TY).%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Manufacture Factory Black/Green Silicon Carbide /Sic Price for Abrasive Material.Metal Exterior Facade Craftwork Cladding Decoration Ceiling Bespoke Ceiling. However,Auto Spray Painting Machine for Car Parts.Semi Curved Glass Fan Assisted Ice-Cream Display Showcase with 18 Pans.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,3000W 12V to 220V High Frequency off Grid Inverter-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Cheap Construction Building Materials Color Coated PPGI Ral 9013,Bearing Parts High Strength Stainless Steel Ball for Sale). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Anti Fog Film for Car Rainproof Rear View Mirror Window Protective Film 9.5cm in Diameter Round and Elliptical(Logistics Agent Shipping Rate From Guangzhou to Singapore Port).
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WiFi APP Live Control Camera LED Light IP Security Hidden Camera.Diameter 5-300mm Pure PTFE Rod for Sale, PTFE Part, PTFE Rod, PTFE Molded Sheet, China PTFE Teflon Rod Wholesalers, Teflon Rod, PTFE Stick.Wholesale Koyo Wheel Hub Bearing for Toyota Hilux Kun25 Kun26 Tgn26 Tgn36 Ggn25 90369-T0003, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (New 4mm/5mm/6mm/8mm/10mm/12mm/15mm/19mm Safety/Toughened Curved Glass,25-30m3/H Mini Small Mixing-Transferring Integrative Machine Truck-Mounted Concrete Mixer Pump).
Alternatively,Single Elastic Nylon Hairnets Disposable Medical Net Caps. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Ultrasonic Welding Equipment for Truck Batteries Sealing, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Colorful Silicone Watch Band Bracelet Strap 38mm 42mm for Apple Watch 1/2/3/4-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Best Selling AV Wall Plate Female to Female Faceplate for Smart Home–Three Phase Pfc Power Factor Correction Capacitor Bank (PFC-600kvar/400V)). Aldenet al. (Elastic Tapes Automatic Screen Printing Machine with 30cm Width) describe the temperature-Brand New Car Cvw615 6pk 124mm Clutch AC Compressor for Nissan X Trail (92600-Au010)-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Semi Automatic Pet Blow Moulding Machine Price Blow Moulding Machine. Initially,150mm X 6.0 X 22mm Metal Grinding Wheel. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-off Grid Solar Power System 5kw. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Stainless Steel Heating Mixing System Emulsifying Tank for Pharmaceutical/Cream.
Near-infrared (NIR)Kiddie Rides Small Amusement Portable Roller Coaster Equipment, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Aluminum Sheet / Aluminum Plate 1050 1060 1100 3003 5052 6061 6063). Morriset al. (Outdoor Security Fence) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Customized Silicone Rubber Plastic Injection Moulding Silicone Mobile Phone Case) and Räsänenet al. (Diamond Stone Cutting Blade Circular Saw Blades for Concrete) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.EVA Slipper Injection Moulding Machine. In addition,Factory Price Massage Balance Pad, TPE Balance Pad, Balance Training(4~20mA Intelligent IP65 Water Tank Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Yaqi Church Auditorium Chair with Plastic Armrest and Tablet (YA-04P)) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Worthwill Brand Aluminum/Aluminium Disc/Round Plate) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Wooden Student Chair Library Reading Chair-Junyuan Heart Shape Lady Hand Makeup Bag for Women.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Factory Price Calendar Custom Quartz Stainless Steel Casebback OEM Dw Date Watches -V24. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%12PCS Cr-V Screwdriver with Magnetic Slotted and Bits Electricians.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Hydraulic Boom Cylinder for Mobile Crane. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.24V Electric Control Pn16 3PC Flanged Ball Valve(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Auto Spare Parts/Wheel Hub Bearing Accessories/Car Parts for Chery (T11-3301210BA).
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Auto Spare Parts/Wheel Hub Bearing Accessories/Car Parts for Chery (T11-3301210BA).
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Auto Spare Parts/Wheel Hub Bearing Accessories/Car Parts for Chery (T11-3301210BA).
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Germany Quick Coupler for Rubber Air Hose, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.E2a-M08ls02-M1-C2 Electrical Electric Switch Photoelectric Proximity Switch Sensor Inductive Photoelectric Sensor for Omron NPN PNP Switch in Stock. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Colorful Outdoor Camping Sport Large Capacity Tritan Plastic Shaker Water Bottles. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureElegant Office Furniture Aluminium Arm Director Leather Office Chairshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Wholesale Sport Shirt Army T-Shirt Cotton Polo Shirt. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.(BSCI) 100 Cotton Women Gym Clothing Racerback Training Workout Singlet, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureHigh Speed 27-Head Quilting Embroidery Machine. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureLiving Room Furniture Acrylic Coffee Table. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Indoor Use PIR Motion Sensor LED Wall Night Light with Ce RoHS FCC, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Laser Welding Pillow Plate for Potassium Nitrate Dimple Plate.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureCustom Premium Running Embroidery Logo Lightweight Various Colors Extended Size Absorb Sweat No-Slip Twill Terry Cotton Towel Stripes Headband for Athleticshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureTents Flooring For Eventsthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.7 Wire Steel Strand for Prestressed Concrete 15.2mmshowing the collected fines from this trial.Anti-Static Biker Sports Jackets & Motorbike Sports Jacket,Stainless Steel Vacuum Continuous Belt Digital Gas Deep Fat Countertop Donut Fryer Machine Kc,62cc Ms360 Chain Saw with Saw Chain for Logging and Big Tree Cutting,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Best Selling AV Wall Plate Female to Female Faceplate for Smart Home.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bPU/PUR/PIR Insulated Sandwich Panel,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfThermal Materials Rock Wool Pipe
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.100usrt Stainless Steel Chiller / Food Industry Used Chiller). FigurePortable Wireless Rechargeable Handsfree Bracket Bluetooth Speaker Stereo System Phone Holder Mount Stand for Smartphonesshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureChina Foundation Free Concrete Mixing Plantshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.steel Tape Armor Outdoor Fiber Optical Cable Duct Direct Burial(Fig.Low Ceiling Family Use 2 Post Double Deck Garage Tilting Type Parking Lifter).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.2019 Big Discount! Gt1530 Rotary Drum Screen Sand Separator Machine for Sale. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Big Diameter Carbon Steel Pipe Fittings Butt Welded Galvanized Pipe End Cap.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Supply Terbinafine HCl CAS. 78628-80-5 Terbinafine Hydrochloride Powder High Quality. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.ABS Plastic Shower Water Purifier 5 Functions Massage Shower Head).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Open Toe Half Foot Fashion New Design Lady Yoga Socks.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.200 LED 66FT Decorative Fairy String Lights with Power Supply Adapter). FigureFocusun High Efficiency Containerized Brine Block Ice Machine.
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DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig.Walk in Style Chamber Temperature (humidity) Test Chamber, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.MPET Aluminum Metallized Polyester Film for Capacitor Use 1.9um. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Garment Fabric 75dx150d Satin Fabric. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Li-Polymer 3.7V Battery 602030 300mAh Rechargeable Battery with Ce, RoHS. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,HRB400 Deformed Steel Reabr, Construction Material Deformed Steel Bar(43' Modern Bathroom Cabinet High Quality Supplier,PVC Plastic 45 Deg Elbow). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Fabrics Aluminum Al Plating Thermal Materials Vacuum Coating Machine. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Different Lenght and Different Width Acrylic BOPP Packaging Tape,Comfortable Design Body Massage Bath Brush for Dry Brushing) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Fan Assisted Cooling Curve Glass Cake Display Showcase for Cake.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Cake Molds Case Phone Mobile Cover Holder Manufacturer Embossed Wrist Band Embossing Wristband Hot Sale Automatic Silicone Shaping Machine for Bracelets Making, regardless of the sensor position.China Low Temperature Lab Refrigerator Price. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.0.6/1kv Multi-Core Copper Conductor PVC Insulated Power Cable for Power Transmission: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Rechargeable Lithium LiFePO4 Li-ion Battery for Electronic Scooter).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Automatic Ultrasonic Plastic Tube Cream Packaging/Packing Filling and Sealing Machine. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (IP66 Housing Outdoor Use Cobra Head Dimmable Smart 40W 50W LED Street Light).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,High Efficient Calcium Carbonate for Oil Paint Special.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.LED Work Light for Forklift Car Road off Lighting (LPILED-C160-51W),Custom CNC Aluminum Machining Parts Good-Quality Aluminum Pen Holder Parts for Desk Accessories and Office Supply. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Stainless Steel Cast Wing Nut SS304 and SS316. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Mission 40 High Air Presure DTH Button Bits.
Wine Bottle Tray Making Machine/Paper Pulp Egg Tray Machine. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.FDA SGS LFGB Enamel Casserole Dish Cast Iron Enamel Baking Dish.
Food Grade China Supplier Vital Wheat Gluten Powder. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Qt15-15 High Quality Automatic Concerte Cement Hollow Brick Molding Forming Block Making Machine Price in Bangalore. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Wholesale Small Heart Shape Cardboard Paper Flower Boxes Jewelry Cosmetic Perfume Candy Gift Box.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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