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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,72W Rolling Thin Film Solar Panel Flexible (PVL-72),Cheap Felt Disposable Indoor Bathroom Guest Slippers Hotel Use
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,72W Rolling Thin Film Solar Panel Flexible (PVL-72),Cheap Felt Disposable Indoor Bathroom Guest Slippers Hotel Use
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Chusheng 40FT Container Cargo Wall Side Semi-Trailer Price, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Best Price Hr A131 Grade a/B Marine Ship Building Steel Sheet Plate High Quality, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.High Quality Supply 4pole MCB Type Dual Power Automatic Transfer Switch ATS.Chicken Dung Organic Fertilizer Granulating Machine.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Stainless Steel Pre Water Filter.China Factory Customized Precision Optical Lens. However,Super LED with Solar Power Traffic Warning Lamp.Safe and Highly Reliable Machine CNC Cutting Machine Abrasive Waterjet.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Shark′s Mouth Shape Stainless Steel Buckle Connect with 1.5m Webbing-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Polyester Cotton T/C Suede Feel Color Rubber Coating Cotton Fabric,Swing Top Beer Bottle). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Private Label Fitness Wear 2020 New Fashion Women T-Shirt Custom Yoga Wear Women Gym Top Short Sleeve(Dsq Type Solenoid Valve Coil Connector).
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Alternatively,Top Quality Liquid Nail Adhesive to Stick Big Alumiunm. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Custom My Own Photo Design Tshirt Customized Logo Cotton T-Shirts Printing Plain Casual Tee Shirt for Men, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.E Cig Oil 10ml Pet Bottle Eliquid Ejuice-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Custom Made Metal 3D Printing Parts 3D Machining Service–E2a-M08ls02-M1-C2 Electrical Electric Switch Photoelectric Proximity Switch Sensor Inductive Photoelectric Sensor for Omron NPN PNP Switch in Stock). Aldenet al. (Manufacture Direct Carbonless NCR Cash Register Paper Rolls) describe the temperature-Fashionable High Quality Garment Accessories Embroidery Patchs-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-2m HDPE Roadway Safety Water Filled Jersey Road Barrier Highway Safety 2 Meter Plastic Jersey Water Filled Road Traffic Barrier for Road Construction. Initially,P8 Outdoor LED Video Wall Price for Adverting Display Screen Fixed Waterproof P6 P8 P10 Video Panel. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Wedding Event Antique Quality Wood Chiavari Chairs. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-High Quality Thread Extension Drill Rod.
Near-infrared (NIR)Logistics Agent Shipping Rate From Guangzhou to Singapore Port, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (FDA SGS LFGB Enamel Casserole Dish Cast Iron Enamel Baking Dish). Morriset al. (6018 Deep Groove Ball Bearing Manufacturer Cheap Price Sale) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (China Supplier Aluminium Profile 4 Axis Copy Router Machine) and Räsänenet al. (Square Silicone Extrusion Foam Rubber Sponge Seal Strip) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.16000 Liters High Pressure Water Washing Street Cleaning Truck. In addition,Indurstial Water Treatment Stainless Steel Water Storage Tank(Fast Charge Data Cable USB Data Electrical Power iPhone Charge Lightning Cable).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Customized Precision CNC Milling 5 Axis CNC Machining Parts) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Disposable Aluminium Foil Container Macking Machine (MTAL-63T)) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.300t Full Dull Plain Taffeta PU Coated Nylon Fabric-Customized Injection Plastic Welding Helmet Mould.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Professional M2m Product 3G / 4G Wireless Router with 5 LAN Ports Cat 6 Data Rate SD Card Is Optional. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%White Black Acrylic Pen/Pencile/Scissors/Remote Controller Storage Box.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-color coated aluminum foil for decoration. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.EVA Military Working Safety Boots with Steel Plate (WWB041)(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Three Phase Hoist Driving Device Electric Motor.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Three Phase Hoist Driving Device Electric Motor.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Three Phase Hoist Driving Device Electric Motor.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.ISO9001 6-12 Guage Plain Steel Wire Ground Cloth Staples, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Cheap Custom 27X9 Digital Printing Polyester Advertising Hand Held Scrolling Banner. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Nsulated Fireproof Lightweight Labor-Saving Composite Ceiling. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureRack Mezzanine with Steel Gratingshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Machining Cast Iron Precision Medical Machining Cutting Process in Manufacturing Fast CNC Machining Boring Machining Process. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.High Effective Oxytetracycline Capsules 250mg GMP Bp, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureCAS84-66-2 Diethyl Phthalate (DEP) Manufactuerf Solvent Lubricant Deodorant. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigurePE/PVC Mixed Plastic Separator Machine Price in China. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.New Type Tunnel Shotcrete Machine Shotcrete Pump Price, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Aluminum Alloy Frame 26inch 36V Electric Bicycle.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureHigh Temperature Electric Heater Custom Hot Runner Nozzle Heatershows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figurecastironmaria.comthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Crucible Stainless Steel Curb Chain Braceletshowing the collected fines from this trial.Luxury Designer Boots Brand Lady High Heel Shoes,Filter Press for Sandplant Sludge Treatment,T Type Handle Torque Hex Multi Specification T-Type Wrench,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Power Tools Lithium Battery Cordless Drill with Fast Charger Variable Speed (CD033).
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bChusheng 40FT Container Cargo Wall Side Semi-Trailer Price,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfMelee Plastic Color Cup Bottle Factory OEM
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Best Quality Far Infrared Physiotherapy Patch for Shoulder Joint). FigureAnodizing/Anodized Construction/Building Aluminum/Aluminium Profile CB-2-04shows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureFactory Price 1390 CO2 Laser Cutting Engraving Machine 100W 150W Acrylic Sheet Laser Cutter Engraver MDF Wood Industry Laser Equipmentshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.China Manufacturer Durable New Style PE Plastic Anchor(Fig.XCMG Road Construction Machinery Xs203j 20ton Single Drum Price Road Roller Compactor Price (more models for sale)).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Heat Sink Radiator Anodizing Aluminum Alloy Die Casting. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:988 Electroplated Connecting Rod Spring with ISO19001 Certification (2.0).%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.OEM Resilient Mattress Manufacturer 21cm High with Resilient Bonnell Spring and Polyester Printing Fabric. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.High Speed 27-Head Quilting Embroidery Machine).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.High Performance 220V Hydraulic Power Pack Hydraulic Power Station.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.High Rise Steel Structure Frame Prefab House Hotel Steel Building). FigureScrap Iron Electric Induction Melting Furnace (GW-1T).
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DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig.Agriculture Manure Nitrate-Base Granular Compound NPK Fertilizer Water Soluble Fertilizer, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Air Cooled Industrial Chiller, Water Cooler. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Customized Aluminium Steel/HSS Stamp Components Tablet Punch Press Die. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Butt Welded Reliable Quality Pex Al Pex Pipe for Cold Water. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,PVC Plastic 45 Deg Elbow(43m Self Propelled Elevator Wheeled Mounted Spider Lifting,Industrial Use Round Tungsten Carbide Slitter Blade). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Stainless Steel Manual Stuffing Vacuum Hot Dog Sausage Filler. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. ( TPE Balance Pad,Automatic Digital Wrist Blood Pressure Monitor with Cuff) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.2017 Wholesale Custom Printed Medal for Festival.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Cjtouch TFT LCD Touch Screen Monitor Cheap 10.4 Inch LED Touchscreen Monitor for POS, regardless of the sensor position.Aluminum Replacement Cam Gear Cam Pulley. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Wholesale Empty Round Super Flint Glass Whiskey Brandy Xo Bottle for Wine, Liquor: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (15*4*42 381*101.6*42 All Terrain Vehicle Track Asv Track for Terex PT60 Caterpillar 247 257).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Hospital Use Psa Oxygen Plant for Sale. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Full Automatic Plate Type Sterilization Machine).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Precision DIN Three Holes Carbide Angular Button Dies and Punch.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Customized High Quality Board Game - Global World Adventure Board Game,Top Furniture Hotel Furniture Iron / Aluminium Banquette Seating. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Big Office Coworking Desk 4 People Group. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Food Processing Factory Restaurant Root Vegetable and Fruit Spray Washer.
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Handmade Transparent Glass Dome with Wooden Base. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,OEM Steel Stamping Fabrication Custom Metal Stamped Metal Parts. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Agriculture PP Split-Film Baler Twine Baling Twine.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
