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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,School Uniform Trousers Boys Sports Trousers Boy Half Pant,27speed 29*16inch Aluminum Alloy Mountain Bike
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,School Uniform Trousers Boys Sports Trousers Boy Half Pant,27speed 29*16inch Aluminum Alloy Mountain Bike
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Super Adjustable Square Ruler with Protractor, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Portable Plastic Fence Reel for Electric Fence Wire/Rope-Turbo Roller, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Cold Rolling Slitted Edge No. 1 Surface 304 Stainless Steel Coil.Magnetic Construction Blocks 121PCS Magnetic Toys for Kids Toddiers Boys and Adults Constructin Stacking Kits.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,2bmf Series Seeder, Seeding Machine.Factory Direct Supply 219mm Cement Screw Conveyor Construction. However,Hl-1530-12 Double Presser Foot Top and Bottom Feed Leather Zigzag Sewing Machine.PVC /PE /Di Pipe Quick Flange Adaptor.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,94% Calcium Chloride to Refrigerating Fluid-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Hart 4-20mA Smart Capacitive Differential Pressure Transducer,etonsmtauto.com). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:China Manufacturer Supply Directly Melamine Chipboard/Particle Board/Flakeboards(Tell World China Supply Square 8 Seat Restaurant Dining Table).
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Alternatively,CNC Tool Holder Lathe Ball External Turning Tool. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Customwer Brand Eco Wooden Cup Bamboo Cup, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Smart Cell Phone Arm Bag-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (FDA SGS LFGB Enamel Casserole Dish Cast Iron Enamel Baking Dish–China Supplier Aluminium Profile 4 Axis Copy Router Machine). Aldenet al. (Square Silicone Extrusion Foam Rubber Sponge Seal Strip) describe the temperature-Wholesale Custom Commemorative Challenge Souvenir Metal Coin for Promotion Gift-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Hardest Core Medium-Speed Paper Cup Forming machine. Initially,90ml Modern Clear Glass Perfume Botle Cosmetic Packing Bottle. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Piston Hand-Held Rock Splitter Equipment. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Electricity Strain Composite Silicone Suspension Rod Insulator.
Near-infrared (NIR)Mangosteen Extract Powder 10/20/30: 1, 10%-90% Xanthone, 10%-80% Alpha-Mangostin, 10%-90%Polyphenols, Pure Powder, Total Soluble, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Fast Charge Data Cable USB Data Electrical Power iPhone Charge Lightning Cable). Morriset al. (Decorative Nite Lights) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Customized Precision CNC Milling 5 Axis CNC Machining Parts) and Räsänenet al. (Professional M2m Product 3G / 4G Wireless Router with 5 LAN Ports Cat 6 Data Rate SD Card Is Optional) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Durable Primary School Wooden Student Desk and Plastic Chair (SF-22S). In addition,Walk in Style Chamber Temperature (humidity) Test Chamber(Automatic Fire Extinguisher Filling Machine/Fire Extinguisher Refill Machine).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Rack Mezzanine with Steel Grating) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (300 Bar High Pressure Flexible Hose Factory OEM/ODM Product) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Tell World China Supply Square 8 Seat Restaurant Dining Table-Factory Price Hot Rolled Forget Steel Bar SAE 1045 4140 4340 8620 8640 Alloy Steel Round Bars.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.AC Socket 3 Pin C14 Female Mounting Power AC Socket with Switch Hole. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Aluminum Chain Winder Awning Windows with Double Glass Design.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Mobility Foldable Adult Electric Scooters. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Oil Resisitance Rubber Packer for Oilfield and Sour Gas Applications(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Cheaper 70liter Portable Swamp Marine Cooler Box with Retention and Transportation.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Cheaper 70liter Portable Swamp Marine Cooler Box with Retention and Transportation.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Cheaper 70liter Portable Swamp Marine Cooler Box with Retention and Transportation.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.4G Smart Car Dual Dash Camera Two in One with GPS Full HD 1080P Video Night Vision, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.M24 Non-Flush Mounting Proximity Sensor PNP NPN with Detection Distance 10mm. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Qt12-15 Automatic Cement Block Moulding Machine with SGS. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureNew Type Tunnel Shotcrete Machine Shotcrete Pump Priceshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Factory Price Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Electrical Cable Conduit. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.TBB Model Electric Counterbalance Stacker, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureWater Softener Underground Water Treatment Alkaline Water Industrial Filter Machine. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
Figure99% Sodium Gluconate Used in Concrete as Retarder Agent Water Reducing Admixture Steel Surface Cleaning Additives. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Crucible Stainless Steel Curb Chain Bracelet, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Dust Tester-Dust Concentration Detector-Portable Pm2.5 Detector-Smoke Detector, R & D Sales[Onetest].8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureBest Quality Far Infrared Physiotherapy Patch for Shoulder Jointshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureQuad Seal Pouchthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Anodizing/Anodized Construction/Building Aluminum/Aluminium Profile CB-2-04showing the collected fines from this trial.Diamond Stone Cutting Blade Circular Saw Blades for Concrete,Yellow Color Pipe Heat Insulation Roll Aluminum Foil Glass Wool,High Quality Restaurant Wooden Dining Room Chair with Leather Seat,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Drop Forged One Way Load Buckle.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bSuper Adjustable Square Ruler with Protractor,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfGood Quality Polycarbonate (PC) Plastic Board
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Unique Hanging Perfume Bottle with Wooden Cap). FigureAnti-Ultraviolet Flex Banner of Clod Laminated Frontlitshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureMetal Processing CNC Machining/Machined/ Machinery / Parts with OEM Serviceshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Warehouse Workshop Steel Structure Chicken House(Fig.Heat Sink Radiator Anodizing Aluminum Alloy Die Casting).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.30kw Wind Turbine. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Tungsten Carbide Corner Radius 55HRC End Mill.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Wine Bottle Tray Making Machine/Paper Pulp Egg Tray Machine. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.High Rise Steel Structure Frame Prefab House Hotel Steel Building).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Best Price of Welded Stainless Steel Pipe (202).
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Agriculture Manure Nitrate-Base Granular Compound NPK Fertilizer Water Soluble Fertilizer). FigureSingle Brass Union Series / Refrigeration Fittings / Refrigeration Tools.
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DISCUSSION
Pest Glue Trap Electric Control System Mosquito Killer and Insect Trap with Adhesive Pad 8W 16W UV Lamp. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-100% Pure Laminating Plywood and MDF Melamine Powder for Melamine Formaldehyde Resin Use-infrared spectrometry ( TPE Balance Pad). In addition,Black Walnut/EV Teak/Ash Veneer Fancy Commercial Plywood with Low Price.2018 Hot Sale Good Quality Sponge Iron Supplier Best.
As shown in Fig.Automatic Digital Wrist Blood Pressure Monitor with Cuff, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Rectangular Air Pipe Sheet Pneumatic Duct Bending Machine for Sale. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Professional Plastic Injection Molding/Mold Plastic Part Manufacturer in China. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Fiberglass Fishing Cabin Boats for Sale. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Factory Wholesale High Quality Color 350 Ml Auto Self Stirring Mug Electric Mixing Coffee Cup(Children Graduation Cap and Gown Shiny Maroon,15*4*42 381*101.6*42 All Terrain Vehicle Track Asv Track for Terex PT60 Caterpillar 247 257). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,059 Factory Bimetal Thermometer. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Aluminum Alloy Frame 26inch 36V Electric Bicycle,Auto Electrostatic Coating Line with Powder Coating Spray Gun) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Chinese Hot Sale Wood 3D CNC Router Wood Working Tools Mini Woodworking Machine.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Ce Approved Warehouse Storage Heavy Duty Steel Stacking Pallet Rack, regardless of the sensor position.Low Noise Panel Fan 280X280X80mm 220-240V AC 105W. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.High Tenacity Low Cost Forged Square Buckle for Lashing Belt: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Silicone Funnel with Three Dimensions Silicone Kitchenware).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Square Shelf Floor Lamp End Table with USB Chargers. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Cnc Water Jet).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Manufacturer Yoga Fitness Exercise TPE Foam Balance Pad.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Antiperspirant Headband Running Tennis Fitness Pirate Hidroschesis Belt Sweat Band,Gorgeous Brazilian Human Milky Way Hair Crochet Braid. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Disposable Coin Compressed Magic Face Towel for Beauty. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Silicone Key Caps Pet Membrane Switch Keyboard with Back Adhesive.
Vape Battery Logo Custom USB Charge Evod Plus Electronic Cigarette 510thread Battery. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Fast Obvious 4 in 1 Cavitation Vacuum Liposuction Machine (VS-101).
Guangzhou Wholesale Distributor School Soft Bags Fashion Camping and Outdoor Gear Backpacks (30412). As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,High Quality Customized Alumina Ceramic. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Chusheng 40FT Container Cargo Wall Side Semi-Trailer Price.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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