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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,UHF Self Adhesive Aln9654 Windshield Label RFID Tag,Factory Price of 250 mm Graphite Electrode
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,UHF Self Adhesive Aln9654 Windshield Label RFID Tag,Factory Price of 250 mm Graphite Electrode
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Ketchup Pouch/Bag/Tray Automatic Fill Seal Vacuum Packaging Machine, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,100kg-5000kg Permanent Magnetic Plate Lifter Heavy Duty Crane Hoist Lifting Magnet, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Kennametal Conical Scarifier Blade Tools C87kcsbsr 1010937.Professional Grade 3m Super 33+ Vinyl PVC Electrical Tape Cinta.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Ce Certified Welding Table HD-100 for Heavy Industry Welding.Custom Connecting Fittings Type Bolt and Fastener. However,New Curvy (5′6FT) Sex Doll with Metal Skeleton Sex Toy.Fully Automatic Corrugated Box Making Machine.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,EDTA-Zn with High Quality and Competitive Price-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (PVC Coated 6061 6063 Aluminium Sheet Plate for Moulds,Chinese Film Xxl Bopp Holographic Film). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Plastic Self Locking Nylon Cable Tie Manufacturers, Red Cable Ties(V-Ribbed Belt PK PJ PL).
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Alternatively,Polyester Cotton T/C Suede Feel Color Rubber Coating Cotton Fabric. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Light Roof Prefabricated Steel Structure for Parking, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.12V torque DC gear motor for electric lawn mowers-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (PVC Coated Chain Link Fence/Wire Mesh Fence–Wholesale Construction Hand Tools). Aldenet al. (OEM Customized Fr4 Double Layer PCB Board for Electric Baby Car) describe the temperature-Computerized Multi-Needle Shuttleless Quilting Machine (HY-W-JH)-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Industrial Custom Gt2 Gt3 Conveyor Timing Belt Rubber. Initially,Factory Wholesale Auto Spare Parts Car Wiper Blades Windshield Distributor Floor Wiper Windscreen Auto Wiper Bladess. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Square Silicone Extrusion Foam Rubber Sponge Seal Strip. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Tn Digit Custom LCD 7 Segment LCD.
Near-infrared (NIR)HDPE/LDPE Drawstring Garbage Bag/Draw Tape Garbage Bag/Garbage Bag with Drawstring Making Machine Manufacturers, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (High-Quality Custom Aluminum CNC Machining Airsoft Parts). Morriset al. (Perforated Fiber Cement Board) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Fresh Golden Pear Class 1 Sweet Golden Pear Organic Pear with Price) and Räsänenet al. (Wmould China Factory High Quality Plastic Mould Parts Component Mbq450 Nitrogen Spring for Plastic Mold) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.OEM Foundry Parts Water Glass Sand Casting Excavator Parts. In addition,1390 CO2 Laser Engraving and Cutting Machine for Plastic(Rectangular Air Pipe Sheet Pneumatic Duct Bending Machine for Sale).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (ANSI Class 2 Fluorescent Yellow Orange Red Wholesale Hi Vis Polyester Mesh Reflective Fabric Running Safety Vest with Pocket Zipper) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Hot Sales Polyester PE Filter Cartridge Suppliers) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Custom Design Logo End Fold Golden Metallic Thread Damask Woven Clothing Labels for Garment Apparel-Hot Sales Rubber Shock Absorber Motorcycle.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.China Low Temperature Lab Refrigerator Price. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%China Supplier Carbon Steel 4.8 8.8 Grade Color Zinc Plated DIN6921 Hex Flange Bolt.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Electric Portable Pipe Beveling Chamfering Milling Machine. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.3mm/6mm/9mm Packing Plywood with Cheap Price(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Dmais Newest Design Electric Lamination Machine.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Dmais Newest Design Electric Lamination Machine.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Dmais Newest Design Electric Lamination Machine.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Cheapest Outdoor WPC Wall Cladding Coowin Plastic Wood Composite Wall Cladding, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Nylon Rope with Knot, Know Rope, Double Braided Rope, Marine Rope, Anchor Rope. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Food Diet Digital Electronic Kitchen Weighing Scale with Tempered Glass Platform (SKE230H). Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureChina Factory Customized Precision Optical Lensshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Kaolin Clay Refractory Clay Glaze Kaolin Clay 2000mesh-4000mesh. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.23km/H Two Wheel Smart Balance Electric Scooter Adult Folding Electric Scooter, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureHigh Quality Custom Plain Shirting 100% Cotton Fabric. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureSuper Strong Powerful Rare Earth Neodymium Magnets Round Thin Craft Science DIY. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Pg56zy58 24V DC Gear Motor with Brake and Encoder, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Sliding Glass Door Ss201 Matt Glass Door Lock with Lever Handles.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureFactory Direct Handmade Manufacturer Custom Embroidery Badge Iron on Patches for Hatshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureUL 2835 4.8W 24V 60LEDs Flexible Strip Light LEDthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.65ml Square Glass Jar with Lug Cap for Food Packingshowing the collected fines from this trial.Hot Sale PVC Coated Galvanized 3D Curvel Welded Wire Mesh Fence,Event Wedding Aluminum Backdrop Stand, Pipe and Drape Wedding,Professional Hair Removal IPL Shr Machine with FDA, Medical Ce,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Round Cosmetic Powder Puff, Face Makeup Sponge.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bKetchup Pouch/Bag/Tray Automatic Fill Seal Vacuum Packaging Machine,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfElectric Screw Air Compressor SEP850G
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Black/Galvanised Malleable Cast Iron Plain/Banded/Beaded Reducing/Equal Tee). FigureWholesale 5 Stage Mineral Water Purifier Machineshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureSolid Carbide Rodshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Automatic Plastic Cup Counting Packaging Machine(Fig.72W Rolling Thin Film Solar Panel Flexible (PVL-72)).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Waterproof & Stain Resistant Heather Dog Hammock and Pet Seat Cover. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Carbon Steel Color-Zinc Plated A193 B7 Stud Bolt.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Hot Sale Medical Pad Packaging Machine. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Electronic Interlock Pass Box for Lab Equipment).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Hot Sale Supply Stainless Steel PTFE Teflon Hose.
Lost Wax Casting/Investment Casting Parts Manufacture in China,Molybdenum Wire Fast Wire EDM Wire-Cutting Wire Cut Machine. Figure Inks, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.PU/PUR/PIR Insulated Sandwich Panel). FigureBell Shaped Xo Brandy Glass Wine Bottle Standard Wine Bottle Dimensions Custom.
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DISCUSSION
Customized Waterproof Stickers Car Decals with ISO/Ts16949 Certified. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Carbide End Mill CNC Milling Machine Cutting Tool-infrared spectrometry (CNC Lathe Turning Part Aluminum Automatic Equipment Pressure Machining Component). In addition,1-6mm Clear Sheet Glass Mirror for Makeup/Dressing/Furniture/Cabinet.12mm Melamine Paper Laminated Plywood, Mauritius Melamine Plywood.
As shown in Fig.5mm DIP LED for Traffice Light Amber Green Red 5mm LED, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.High Quality Wood Wool Cement Board Wall Board. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Auto Parts Engine Car Accessory Bkr6egp Spark Plugs. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Wholesale Virgin Material 700MB Blank CD-R with Grade a+ Quality. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,High Efficient Filter Press Machine for Minerals Dehydration(Cutting Metal CNC Fabrication Service Motorcycle Equipment,China Manufacturer Canned Coffee Dispenser Vending Machine at Cheap Price). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Torque Arm Mounted Gear Unit with Hollow Shaft Reducer. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Chinese Hot Sale Wood 3D CNC Router Wood Working Tools Mini Woodworking Machine, Retinol and Tocopherol Stabilized) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.100W Die-Casting UFO LED High Bay Light.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-High Precision Contactless Water Treatment Ultrasonic Level Transmitter, regardless of the sensor position.High Precision Human Body Scale. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.501/7D Explosion-Proof Pressure Switch: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Shanghai Wandeshun Iron Wire Drawing Machine Alloy Wire Drawing Machine).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Forestry Mulcher Teeth Type Stc Fitting Fae Mulcher with Carbide Tips. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Customized Funny Family Educational Board Game Children Toy).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Drainage Board/Dimple Sheet for Green Roof & Deck.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.DC Link Power Capacitor for Medical Equipment Made in China,Promotion Gift Custom Silicone Rubber Soft PVC Bracelet Wristband. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.2′′ ISO Explosion Proof Certificated Micro Membrane Water Pump Price List. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Stainless Steel Wire Rope Thimble.
Woodworking Tool/ Surface Planer/Single Side. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.DIN 6921 Grade 10.9 Black Hexagon Head Flange Bolt.
20000 lb 4 levels auto stacker. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Food Grade Vacuum Bag with PA/PE/EVOH Materails for Food Pakcaging. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Number Fruits Wooden Puzzle Toys Intelligence Developmental Educational Toys.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
