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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Sdlg Air Conditioner Compressor 4130000420 for Loader LG936 LG946L LG956,Top Quality CAS 28319-77-9 Alpha GPC 50% Powder Price
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Sdlg Air Conditioner Compressor 4130000420 for Loader LG936 LG946L LG956,Top Quality CAS 28319-77-9 Alpha GPC 50% Powder Price
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,HS-M901K Air Brush Nail Kit, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,PVC Frontlit Flex Banner (LFG55/440), frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.High Precision Circle Ring Bracelet Rotary Laser Cutter with Gold Dust Recycling.19mm 100% Mulberry Silk Fitted Sheet 4PCS Bedding Set Oeko-Tex100.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Nkis Bearing Radial Needle Roller Bearing with Inner Ring.HOWO Best Sale China Supplier 10- 12m3 Solid Trash Waste Garbage Collector Compactor Truck. However,Low Price Products Vitamin a Acetate Food Additive.Ice Crusher Ice Block Shaving Machine Ice Crushing Machine.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Dining Room Furniture Dining Set Dining Table Chair Banquet Table-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (XCMG Road Construction Machinery Xs203j 20ton Single Drum Price Road Roller Compactor Price (more models for sale),Two Gang USB Charger Wall Socket with European Standard.). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Wholesale Bamboo Charcoal Sisal SPA Pad Shower Bath Sponge Klb-089(Unique Hanging Perfume Bottle with Wooden Cap).
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Alternatively,Newest High Precision Digital Electronic Food Kitchen Weight Scale. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.3000W Pipe Laser Cutter Machine for Carbon Stainless Steel, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.High Quality Custom Lovely for Plush Toy Fashioplush Toy-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (High Speed 27-Head Quilting Embroidery Machine–30kw Wind Turbine). Aldenet al. (Wine Bottle Tray Making Machine/Paper Pulp Egg Tray Machine) describe the temperature-Battery Operated 8 Seat Golf Car with Ce-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Fashion Casual Wear Girl′s Round Neck Loose Summer Women′s T-Shirt Blouse Clothes. Initially,Black and White Hand Wrapping Foil Plastic Film Rolls for Packaging. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Multi-Colour Paper Straw Making Machine (PPZG-800). Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Hydraulic Power Source Stainless Steel Cookware Press Machine.
Near-infrared (NIR)Event Rental Stacking Tiffany Wedding Modern Clear Chiavari Chair, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (High Rise Steel Structure Frame Prefab House Hotel Steel Building). Morriset al. (Sap-250s Semiautomatic Silk Screen Printing Machine for Beaker and Cup) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Auto Part U Bolt for Trailer BPW U Clamp Fastener) and Räsänenet al. (Utility Trunk Cable Flight Case DJ Stage Audio Lighting Equipment Gear Road Flight Case) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Fresh Golden Pear Class 1 Sweet Golden Pear Organic Pear with Price. In addition,Featured 5mm Mini Box Type Metallzied Polyester Film Capacitor Tmcf07(Agriculture Manure Nitrate-Base Granular Compound NPK Fertilizer Water Soluble Fertilizer).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Industrial Use Round Tungsten Carbide Slitter Blade) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Bowl Feeding And Wrapping Machine) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.High Speed Steel Saw Blade for Wood, PVC, Metal-EPS Foam Recycling Pelleting Machine with Dryer Cutter.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig. TPE Balance Pad. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%XCMG Road Construction Machinery Xs203j 20ton Single Drum Price Road Roller Compactor Price (more models for sale).% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Customized Embroidery High Quality Badge. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Garden Furniturte Large Sofa Set with 10mm Half Moon Curve Flat Wicker(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Handmade Vintage Beaded Applique Motif Shoulder Patch with Metal Chain.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Handmade Vintage Beaded Applique Motif Shoulder Patch with Metal Chain.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Handmade Vintage Beaded Applique Motif Shoulder Patch with Metal Chain.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Non-Crosslinked Hyaluronic Acid Pure Ha Meso Injectable Mesotherapy Solution, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Popular Model Pistol Grip 13PCS 1/2 Air Impact Wrench Car Tool Set. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-High Precision CNC Lead Pitch Ball Screw with Nut Sfur3205. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure15*4*42 381*101.6*42 All Terrain Vehicle Track Asv Track for Terex PT60 Caterpillar 247 257shows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Customized Connector Flat GSM Antenna. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Hot Sale Desenk Passenger Elevator with Cheap Price, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureSmart WiFi Plug APP Control Universal Socket Yet6004wf. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureWmould China Factory High Quality Plastic Mould Parts Component Mbq450 Nitrogen Spring for Plastic Mold. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Silicone Funnel with Three Dimensions Silicone Kitchenware, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.China Shandong Juxian Exported Disposable PE Glove.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigurePower Supply Marine Series Diesel Generators 130kwshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureHigh Quality ASTM/ASME 316/316L Seamless Stainless Steel Tube/Pipethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Professional Plastic Injection Molding/Mold Plastic Part Manufacturer in Chinashowing the collected fines from this trial.High Quality Low-Cost Ring Die Pig Feed Pellet Mill,100% Egyptian Cotton Jacquard White Hotel Bedding Sets (DPFB80107),Block Yarding Block Oval Eye Double Sheave Pulley Block,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%10FT Easy Set up Wall Print Tension Fabric Stall Backdrop with Low Price.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bHS-M901K Air Brush Nail Kit,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfHot Sell 4 Zones Walk-Through Metal Detector Gate Door Frame Metal Detector with Remote Control
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Diamond Glass Plate Dessert Plate Vegetable and Fruit Salad Plate). FigureCarbon Steel Color-Zinc Plated A193 B7 Stud Boltshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure100% Cotton Non Toxic Play Matshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Comfortable Design Body Massage Bath Brush for Dry Brushing(Fig.Event Wedding Aluminum Backdrop Stand).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Factory Supplying 4mm PVDF Coating Exterior Aluminum Solid Panels. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Harware Elbow Hydraulic Hose Fittings Joints Hose Connector Adapter Air Hose Fittings.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Freely New Barefoot Water Skin Shoes Non Slip Aqua Socks for Beach Swim. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Luxury Brand Sunglasses Fashion Women High Quality Replica).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.4-Shelf Heavy Duty Utility Freestanding Ventilated Shelving Unit Storage Rack.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.2′′ Inch 40~110 L/Min Local Mechanical Display Diesel Fuel Flow Meter). FigureKitchen Supplies Factory Wholesale Plastic Melamine Restaurant Food Serving Tray.
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DISCUSSION
Lymphedema Lymphatic Drainage Machine Approved by FDA Ce for People Who Suffer From Venous Problem. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Blasting Abrasive Aashto M247 Glass Beads for Road Safety-infrared spectrometry (DIN Rail Mounting Double Layer Terminal Block with Ce RoHS (LUKK5)). In addition,High Quality Injection Plastic Products Auto Plastic Parts Factory Injection Molding.Brass Mold Female Insert Quick Coupler.
As shown in Fig.Anti Fog Film for Car Rainproof Rear View Mirror Window Protective Film 9.5cm in Diameter Round and Elliptical, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Nickle Alloy Hastelloy B Steel Round Bar Stock 50mm Price. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Original Weichai Engine Spare Parts 612600900162 Engine Repair Kits. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Luxury Brand Sunglasses Fashion Women High Quality Replica. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Anodizing/Anodized Construction/Building Aluminum/Aluminium Profile CB-2-04(Saturn Galaxy Shaped New Jewellery Design Glaze Silver Rose Gold Necklace,China Flat Pack Container House and Container Home Labor Camp and Mining Camp Prefab House). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Voc-Compliant, High-Grade, Productive High Solid Clear Coat.. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Magnet or Clips LED Shelf Light Tube LED Magnet Attached to Counter Lamp Housing 02 LED Aluminum Alloy Lamp Tube with Magnet,35kV High Density Polyethylene HDPE Pin Type Insulator) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Industrial Light Duty Adjustable Steel Storage Rack Shelves.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Camouflage Double Shoulder Outdoor Sports Travel Leisure Hiking Camping Cycling Military Tactical Backpack Bag (CY3614), regardless of the sensor position.China Factory Direct Sale Automatic Blace Rice Sachets Machine. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Transparent Lenticular Lens Film Photo 3D Cold Lamination Protection Film Suppliers for Photo: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Air Rubber Hose for Jack Hammer/Rock Drill/Air Compressor).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Home Security Cylinder Mechanical Safe Cam Lock. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Drag Chain Transmission Plastic Machine Cable Wire Carrier Bridge Cable Chains).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Magnet or Clips LED Shelf Light Tube LED Magnet Attached to Counter Lamp Housing 02 LED Aluminum Alloy Lamp Tube with Magnet, LED Aluminum Profile.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Cube 18W off-Road Flood Flush Mount LED Work Light Bar for Pods Fit Pickup Boats Jeep,ODM OEM CNC Turning Milling Aluminum Alloy Stainless Steel Bronze Machining Parts. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Hot Sale Cylinder Mould Corrugation Machine with Multi-Dryers. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-2018 Newest 3.0inch FHD1080p Vehicle DVR Recorder.
off Grid Solar Power System 3kw. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Wholesale 5 Stage Mineral Water Purifier Machine.
Stainless Steel Wire Braided LPG Npg Flexible Gas Hose. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Control Valve Pneumatic Actuator Limit Swith Box. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Male/Female Mc4 Connector Solar Cable.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
