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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Industrial Pork Fascia Removing /Meat Processing Equipments,American Style Disposable Round Black PP Plastic Food Box with Clear Lid
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Industrial Pork Fascia Removing /Meat Processing Equipments,American Style Disposable Round Black PP Plastic Food Box with Clear Lid
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Mini Digger Hot Sale in Australia, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Rainbow Rafting Fiberglass Aqua Water Park Slide, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.CNC Hot Wire 3D Foam Cutting Machine/Sponge Cutting/Basotect Cutting.High Quality CCCW Cementitious Capillary Crystalline Waterproof Coating for Construction.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,125kHz Proximity Compatible Smart Card Reader.Cardboard Food Packaging Carton Box with Clear PVC Window. However,Fidget Stress Pad Cube New 2018 Children Adults Adhd Toy Autism Special Needs.Furyu Sleepy Cat with Wings Pillow Anime Cushion Nemuneko Plush.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Back Invisible Hunchback Orthopedic Strap/ Belt-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (20d Interlock TPU Bonding Fabric 100% Polyester Tight Knit 44 Gauge Lining Cloth,Keto Diet Burn Pills 1200mg Best Premium Weight Loss Fat Burner Fast Supplement). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:10g Bidi SFP+ Module Wdm 1270/1330nm LC 20km Dom Module(Pg56zy58 24V DC Gear Motor with Brake and Encoder).
2019 Bluetooth V5.0 Stereo Earphone Wireless I11 Tws Earbuds. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (Chuke Mini Handheld Portable Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Metal,Factory Direct Handmade Manufacturer Custom Embroidery Badge Iron on Patches for Hat).Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet, care must be taken to avoid over-High Quality Ce&Eac Certificated AC Contactor, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,Small Portable Submersible Water Air Cooler Pump for Fountain.
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Alternatively,Automatic Filling Tomato Paste / Ketchup / Chili Sauce Packing Machine Food Processing Machine. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.PVC Coated Chain Link Fence/Wire Mesh Fence, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.3/4 Inch 50mm Football Artificial Grass Turf Soccer Synthetic Grass-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (2018 New Pet Supplier Warm Soft Canvas Flower Shape of PED Cat Dog Beds–Black/Galvanised Malleable Cast Iron Plain/Banded/Beaded Reducing/Equal Tee). Aldenet al. (Wholesale 5 Stage Mineral Water Purifier Machine) describe the temperature-High Quality Laboratory Equipment Automatic UV Sterilization Cabinet 1 or 2 Door for Laundry Shop, Hotel, Hospital Price-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Color Painted Aluminium Coil for Car License Plate. Initially,Silicone Heavy Duty Stainless Steel Outdoor Expansion Joint for Concrete. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Pet/PP Rope Making Machine/String Weaving Machine. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Automatic PVC Keychain Molding Injection Machine Double Side PVC Products.
Near-infrared (NIR)Double Sided PCB for Hand-Held&Nbsp; Terminal, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (72W Rolling Thin Film Solar Panel Flexible (PVL-72)). Morriset al. (Free Sample Ice Cream Paper Cup & Bowl) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Scrap Iron Electric Induction Melting Furnace (GW-1T)) and Räsänenet al. (Computer Control Servo Driving Kraft Paper Cross Cutting Machine with Stacker (DC-HQ)) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Welding Grade Calcined Bauxite for Welding Flux. In addition,Oxygen O2 Gas Sensor Detector Trace Oxygen Measurements 0-1% Highly Sensitive RoHS Miniature(Waterproof & Stain Resistant Heather Dog Hammock and Pet Seat Cover).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Hot Sale Medical Pad Packaging Machine) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Prefabricated Steel Structure Portal Space Frame Light Gauge Metal Building/Warehouse/Workshop/Factory) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Strong Anti-Rust Lock with 70mm Brass Cylinder 304 Ss Door Handle Lock-Mpp (CBB21/CBB22) Metallized Polypropylene Film Capacitor (Coating) -224j630VDC-P=15.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Electronic Interlock Pass Box for Lab Equipment. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%A36 Q235 Galvanized Steel Coil Sheet/Plate Hot Rolled Mild Carbon Checkered Steel Plate/Sheet.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Quarry Scalping Rock Sieving Screen Mesh. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Automatic 18L Olive Oil Square Tin Can Packing Machine(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Stainless Steel Tube Manufacturer (317L, 904L, 309S, 310S).
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Stainless Steel Tube Manufacturer (317L, 904L, 309S, 310S).
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Stainless Steel Tube Manufacturer (317L, 904L, 309S, 310S).
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Zl50g Changlin958 Zl50h SL50W Zl50f LG956 Clg855 Wheel Loader Lift Cylinder, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.94V0 PCB for USB Flash Drive with Ce RoHS. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Beautiful Design Large Size Round European Quartz Wall Clock. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure Inksshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Food Preservatives Sodium Benzoate High Quality Factory Supplier. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Kynko Angle Grinder for Grinding, Cutting, Polishing Stone, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
Figure600g Automotive Parts Transport Facility Glass Fiber Woven Roving. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureInboard Engine Cooling SBR Impeller with Huge Blades. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.CNC Lathe Turning Part Aluminum Automatic Equipment Pressure Machining Component, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Yellow UHMWPE Plastic Mobile Crane Outrigger Pads.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureChina Manufacturer Canned Coffee Dispenser Vending Machine at Cheap Priceshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figure304 Stainless Steel Drinking Straw with Customized Design Paper Boxthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Chinese Hot Sale Wood 3D CNC Router Wood Working Tools Mini Woodworking Machineshowing the collected fines from this trial.Customized Metal Parts Stamping,PVC Heat Stabilizer Zinc ACAC,3G 4G WiFi GPS Portable 8 Bands Cell Phone Signal Interrupter Anti GPS Tracker Handheld Signal Jammer,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Sanitary Grade Clamp Gasket Silicon for Clamp.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bMini Digger Hot Sale in Australia,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf304 Stainless Steel Metal Mesh Extruded Filter Discs
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Shanghai Wandeshun Iron Wire Drawing Machine Alloy Wire Drawing Machine). FigureNEMA17 Closed-Loop Servo Stepper Motor with Encodershows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureUPVC Dvgw Certificate Pn10 Pressure Water Supply Pipesshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Men′s Casual Sport Hat Sun Cap Snapback Cap Peaked Cap with Mesh(Fig.Phillips Full Threaded Cross Flat Head Machine Screws).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.HS-M901K Air Brush Nail Kit. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:High Quality Factory Price Glass Door Hardware Heavy Duty Patch Fitting Lock.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.St Fiber Optic Standard Adapter Optical Test Equipment. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Luxury Designer Boots Brand Lady High Heel Shoes).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Frog Lamp Light Emitting Diode Warning Taillight Lamp Floodlight.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Fast Obvious 4 in 1 Cavitation Vacuum Liposuction Machine (VS-101)). FigureNEMA17 Closed-Loop Servo Stepper Motor with Encoder.
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DISCUSSION
Omega-Type Carbon Fiber Infrared Emitter. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-PPR PVC PMMA Customized Plastic Product in Injection Mold Stamping Mould-infrared spectrometry (P2.571 Indoor Digital Advertising Floor Standing LED Poster Display). In addition,Factory Price Aluminium Sheet Used for Mould 2A12, 2024, 2017, 5052, 5083, 5754, 6061, 6063, 6082, 7075, 7A04, 1100.Vitamin a Palmitate 1700.000iu / G, Retinol and Tocopherol Stabilized.
As shown in Fig.Air Conditioner Rubber Pads, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Waterproof CREE LED Diving Flashlight 2AA Size (T5155). Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Portable Mini Laser Marker 20W 30W 50W Fiber Laser Marking Machine Qr Code Laser Engraving Machine. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Customized Precision CNC Milling 5 Axis CNC Machining Parts. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
125mm Sintered Continuous Diamond Blade for Cutting Marble, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Mobile and Fixed Type-Yj Agitator for Chemical From China(52933-3V100 TPMS Tire Pressure Monitor Sensor for 2011-2014 Hyundai I40 Vf, competitive price)). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Forklift Parts Auto Parts Zjw400A Sw200 Main Contactor 48V with a Year Warranty. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Fire Emergency Escape Safety Face Mask with Color Box,Ouwave Battery Mini Fragrance Oil Scent Diffuser for Home Hotel) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.3axles 58.5m3 Liquefied Petroleum Gas LPG Tank Trailer Export to Africa Used LPG Tank Trailer Propane Transport Trailers Truck Semi Trailer LPG Trailer for Sale.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Factory Price Packaging Paper Grey Cardboard 1mm, 2mm, 3mm, 4mm, regardless of the sensor position.Ion Cleanse Life Foot SPA Device to Remove Heavy Metal and Toxin. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Air Compressor, Sz/Sm Series Performer Compressor for Freezer: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Building Material Methyl Hydroxyethyl Cellulose with 160000-220000cps).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Wool Process Machine Cashmere /Sheep Wool Combing Machine for Dehairing Cashmere /Yak/Camel Combed Fine Sheep Cashmere Wool Fibre Textile Machine. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Custom Sheet Metal Bending).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Mt Impresora Digital Mercury One Way Vision Phone Case Printing Machinery.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.4FT 32W Replacement Frosted Cover LED Tube,1015 1050 1060 5086 Aluminum Plate for Indoor Decoration. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Natural Popular Stone Granite Colors for Tile, Countertop, Slab. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Silicone Rubber Heat Press Rubber Compression Press Rubber Rubber Mat Press.
Lm25uu Linear Ball Bearing 25mm Bush Bearing Steel Industry Parts.. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Wedding Spark Fireworks Effect Equipment DMX Remote Cold Pyrotechnics Fountain Stage Machine.
4-20mA 0.5-4.5V Urban Water Supply Level Pressure Transmitter. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,China Manufacturer Direct Sale 4L Small Oxygen Cylinder. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-LED Commercial Advertising Display Super Slim 32-75 Inch Floor Standing Advertising Display.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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