Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Lost Wax Casting/Investment Casting Parts Manufacture in China-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (China Factory Direct Sale Automatic Blace Rice Sachets Machine,Countersunk Head Self Tapping Self Drilling Screw Color Zinc Plated). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Molybdenum Wire Fast Wire EDM Wire-Cutting Wire Cut Machine(Rubber Dic Return Roller).

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Alternatively,Auto Parts Engine Car Accessory Bkr6egp Spark Plugs. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Wholesale Virgin Material 700MB Blank CD-R with Grade a+ Quality, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.15g Empty Eyeshadow Case Friendly Hard Compact Powder Packaging-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Silica Defoamer–Hot Sell Dlqf Series PP Pleated 83 Od Filter Cartridge Made in China). Aldenet al. (Non-Standard Hydraulic Station for Hydraulic Pressure Station Diesel Driven Hydraulic Power Units) describe the temperature-High Efficient Filter Press Machine for Minerals Dehydration-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Torque Arm Mounted Gear Unit with Hollow Shaft Reducer. Initially,100W Die-Casting UFO LED High Bay Light. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-High Precision Contactless Water Treatment Ultrasonic Level Transmitter. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-High Precision Human Body Scale.

Near-infrared (NIR)501/7D Explosion-Proof Pressure Switch, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Yangtze Mini Design Wind Turbine and Solar Panel Hybrid System 1000W). Morriset al. (Cartranslucent Roof Panel) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Colorful Silicone Watch Band Bracelet Strap 38mm 42mm for Apple Watch 1/2/3/4) and Räsänenet al. (2018 Ce Certificated Heatpump Air Source Water Heater Heating Pump) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Forestry Mulcher Teeth Type Stc Fitting Fae Mulcher with Carbide Tips. In addition,Drainage Board/Dimple Sheet for Green Roof & Deck(Double Head Round Bar Chamfering and Deburring Machine).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. ( 5-Bis (trifluoromethyl) Phenyl]Ethanol CAS 127852-28-2) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Outdoor Floor and Indoor Tactile Paving Tiles) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.DC Link Power Capacitor for Medical Equipment Made in China-Promotion Gift Custom Silicone Rubber Soft PVC Bracelet Wristband.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Irregular Custom Sheet Metal Stamping Dies. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureP4 High Brightness LED Screenshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Modern Tufted Restaurant Booth Seating with Button (HD661). The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Standard Low Pressure Emulsion Electric Grease Oil Transfer Pump, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureFashion Top Sale Women Fashion Shopping Bag with Pouch Small Handbag. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureHard-Anodized Aluminum Custom Spare Parts for CNC Machining. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.V1.4 High Speed HDMI Cable with Network 3m for PS4, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Large Half Dome Tent Steel Frame Sphere Factory for Sale.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureComforter Bedding Blankets Production Lineshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureAluminum Bracketthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig. Countertopshowing the collected fines from this trial.New Free Design Inflatable Stand up Paddle Board Isup Surfboard,2019 New High Battery Capacity Tester Constant Power Current Battery Capacity Discharge Tester,3X5 USA American 50 Stars Tea Stained American Flag Super Polyester - 90X150 Tea Stain American House Flag,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%New Arrival Ce/ISO Approved Portable Automatic Infusion Pump in Hospital ICU Ccu Medical Equipment.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bSliding Glass Door Ss201 Matt Glass Door Lock with Lever Handles,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfHot Sales Interlocking Fitness Gym Rubber Floor Tiles

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Guangzhou Factory Li-ion Cell 3.7V 2000mAh 2200mAh 2600mAh Battery 18650 Wholesale). Figure12′-26 Mountain Bicycle Tyre Bike Tireshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureBopp Film For Printing And Packagingshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Cheap Melamine Chipboard Particle Board for Cabinet Door(Fig.Gitia Eco- Friendly Environmental Waterproof Fireproof Indoor Click Spc Vinyl Flooring).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Latest Woman Hand Bag 2018 Designer Manufacturers China. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Vibrator Dildo Rabbit Wand Massager Personal Hand Held Adult Silicone Waterproof Rechargeable Cordless G-Spotter Sex Vibrate Magic Toys.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Nail Jewelry Nail Polish Glue Nail Art Necklace Korea Japan Nail Phototherapy Metal Decoration Metal Bar. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Aluminium Alloy Industrial Profile for Door Frame).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.G11 Epoxy Fiberglass Laminated Insulation Sheet.

1.8m/6FT USB 3.1 Type C Male to HDMI Male Cable,Cheap Price New Products Electronic Cigarette Vape Pen E-Cigarette Kits. FigureSbs/APP Modified Equipment Polymer Rolling Material Waterproof Membrane, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.220kw/275kVA Standby Diesel Generator (NTA855-G1A) (GDC275*S)). Figure1000W Raycus Fiber Laser Welding Portable Machine.

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DISCUSSION

Steel Grating Panel with Large Ventilation Rate. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) for Food Produce-infrared spectrometry ( Curtain Panel). In addition,Customized Doube Stainless Steel Handmade Apron Kitchen Sink.Economical Custom Design PU Leather Custom Mats.

As shown in Fig.Semi Curved Glass Fan Assisted Ice-Cream Display Showcase with 18 Pans, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Acoustic Plywood Panels Wall for Sports Hall Decoration Material. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,CNC Machine aluminum Parts, CNC Turning Parts, CNC Machining Parts. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Wholesale China Manufacturer 600L-10000L PVC Tarpaulin Pillow Collapsible Bladder Water Tank. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

KIA Pride Clutch Seal for Auto Parts Hok Brand, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Industrial 200kw Wood Pellet Burner(11 Degree Button Bit,Wool Process Machine Cashmere /Sheep Wool Combing Machine for Dehairing Cashmere /Yak/Camel Combed Fine Sheep Cashmere Wool Fibre Textile Machine). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Modern Style Armless Dining Room Chair for Living Room. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (China Good Supplier High Absorbent Lady Soft Sanitary Napkin Manufacturer,Best Seller Vibrating Male Masturbation Sex Doll Adult Sex Toys Black Masturbation Cup Masturbator Realistic Sex Dolls) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Electric Magnetic Stirrer Heat Transfer Mantle.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Round Tin Cans for Cookies Biscuits, regardless of the sensor position.Double UPVC WPC PVC Plastic Pipe Making Extrusion Line. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Innovative Design Aluminum Film Metallized Non Woven Fabric: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (E Waste Copper Refinery Scrap Computer Board Recycling Equipment).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.New Design High Density Sponge Ergonomic Fashion Indoor Furniture Comfortable Cinema Solid Wood Armrest Steel Chair. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (60 Microns Plastic Ldpe Bag).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Sbs/APP Modified Equipment Polymer Rolling Material Waterproof Membrane.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.CNC Lathe Turning Part Aluminum Automatic Equipment Pressure Machining Component,Hart 4-20mA Smart Capacitive Differential Pressure Transducer. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Cwe-65 1500W pH65/0810 Hammer Drill Demolition Hammer. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Interpump Kit 109 Rubber Water Seal and Gasket.

Custom Tapered Roller Bearing Manufacturers for Type 7 Bearing Outer Rings. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Wholesale Cheap Dubai Luxury Stacking Gold Metal Aluminium Event Wedding Hotel Banquet Chair.

High Quality Plastic Additive Antioxidant 1010 CAS 6683-19-8. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Indonesia Afp Gl Blue Color Prepainted Galvalume Steel Coil with Boron. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Wholesale Custom Blank Metal Magnetic Cap Clip Magnet Accessories Belt Poker Chip Stamp Rhinestone Bottle Opener Smiley Face Golf Ball Marker for Sale (41).

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Acknowledgments

References