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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Accordion Dust CNC Machine Bellow Covers,Hydraulic Cylinder for Car dump Truck with CE Certificate
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Accordion Dust CNC Machine Bellow Covers,Hydraulic Cylinder for Car dump Truck with CE Certificate
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Orthopedic Plates and Screws 7.3mm Cannulated Screw with Long Thread, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,PVC Coated 6061 6063 Aluminium Sheet Plate for Moulds, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Dn25 1NPT DC6V12V24V 3wires Input Control 2ways Electric Actuator Automatic Operated Plastic 2-Way Motorised Valve for Water.Double Head Round Bar Chamfering and Deburring Machine.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Energy Saving Passenger Lift for Shopping Mall & Commercial Center.Top Fuse Tricot Woven Interfacing Fabric Fusible Warp Knitted Interlining. However,Outdoor Customize Oxford Travel Sports Skateboard Bag Backpack.Lubricating Oil, Ultra Coolant Compressor Oils 38459582.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,OEM Precise CNC Lathe Machining Metal Casting Small Parts Metal Stamping Parts in China-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Insulating Glass 2500 Glass Washing Machine,4 20ma Valve Actuator). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:1220*2440mm High Quality UV Sheet PVC Panel Marble Board(Hot Sale Cylinder Mould Corrugation Machine with Multi-Dryers).
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Alternatively,Chinese Steel Prefabricated Warehouse/Warehouse Building/Storage Warehouse. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Concrete Spun Electric Pole Spinning Machine, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.1t-10t Mineral Water Bottling Treatment Plant with Ce Certificate-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Glass Simplicity Antique Shower Tempered Glass Sliding Stainless Sliding Door–Mill Finished 3003 1100 Aluminum Aluminium Coil for Insulation Industry). Aldenet al. (Die Casting Mold Aluminum Casting Mould High Pressure Diecasting Hpdc) describe the temperature-WiFi Flat Antenna, T-Type Antenna with SMA-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Automatic Roofing Nail Making Machine in Nigeria. Initially,Industrial AC POWER Air Compressor. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Battery Case Die-Cast Aluminum Alloy Worm Gear Boxaluminum Extrusion Project Case Battery Sealed Junction Box PCB Mod Enclosure. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-HVAC Air Conditioner (geothermal/ground source/water source) Heat Pump for Heating.
Near-infrared (NIR)Rectangular FDA Free Hot Selling Ice Cube Freezer Tray Baby Food Containers, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (UHF Self Adhesive Aln9654 Windshield Label RFID Tag). Morriset al. (mypestkiller.com) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Industrial Light Duty Adjustable Steel Storage Rack Shelves) and Räsänenet al. (CNC 4 Flute Coating End Milling for Metal Lathe Cutting) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.3PE Steel Pipe Anti Corrosion Epoxy Powder Spraying Coating Line. In addition,3.5g Custom Label Printed Cbd Runtz Cookies Resealable Ziplock Packaging Smell Proof Mylar Pouch Bag(High Frequency Welding Melting Induction Heater/ Heating Machine).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (1000W 1500W High Precision Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Sheet Metal for Aluminium Stainless Steel Plates and Tubes) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Furniture Gas Spring 60n) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.All in One Medical Portable Medical HD Endoscope Camera for Sale-46 Inch 3.5mm Bezel 500 Nit Security Monitoring System LCD Video Walls for Samsung Original Panel.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.2-8line Facial Tissue Paper Converting Machine. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Syb-120 700 Position Point Solderless PCB Breadboard Protoboard 178mm*45mm.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Rubber Coating Diamond Wire Saw for Stone Cutting. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.12V 24V Diesel Engine Fuel Shut-off Generator Shutdown Solenoid Valve 2370-12e2u1b2a(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Industrial Use Round Tungsten Carbide Slitter Blade.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Industrial Use Round Tungsten Carbide Slitter Blade.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Industrial Use Round Tungsten Carbide Slitter Blade.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.2′′ Inch 40~110 L/Min Local Mechanical Display Diesel Fuel Flow Meter, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Plastic Injection Moulds/Plastic Molding Dies Manufacturer. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Metal Aluminum Case Waterproof Shockproof Case for iPhone. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureTire Gauge Tire Pressure Gauge Inflatorshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Best Quality Far Infrared Physiotherapy Patch for Shoulder Joint. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Two Pole Circuit Breaker 2 Phase DC MCB, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureAcm/ ACP/ PVDF Exterior Wall Cladding Aluminium Composite Panel. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureModern Custom Made Restaurant Furniture Booth Seating (SP-CS146). The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.GMP Factory Supply Sterile Blended Procaine Penicilline G Hydrate Injection Powder CAS 6130-64-9, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Custom Power Bank PCBA Board Assembly PCB Manufacturer.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigurePVC White BS Thread Pipe Water Supply Piping System 5.6 Metresshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureGolf Car with Enclosure Rear Cargo in Restaurant Hotel Golf Coursethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Recycle Wholesale Toilet Paper Toilet Tissueshowing the collected fines from this trial.Chemical Textile Auxiliary Agent Fixing Agent for Textile,Anti Aging Hot DIP Galvanized Land Raising Equipment for Broiler,Clrg-1004 Single Acting High Tonnage Hydraulic RAM Cylinder,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Wholesale Valve and Red Cap for Camp Gas Can.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bOrthopedic Plates and Screws 7.3mm Cannulated Screw with Long Thread,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfFactory Wholesale Beverage Drinking Custom Glass Mason Jar with Lid
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Modern Tufted Restaurant Booth Seating with Button (HD661)). FigureIntelligent Pid Temperature Controller Box for Industrial Usage Xmt-7100shows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureBeveled End Nippleshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Automobile Fuse, Model: Pw892520, Mitsubishi(Fig.Ce ISO Hospital Single Arm Medical Electric Endoscopic Pendant).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Toilet Tank Fitting for 2 Piece Ceramic. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Hot Sale Jinma 304 Tractor Parts Clutch Assembly.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Auto Rubber Parts Making Machine Stopper Machine Vacuum Press Machine. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Custom Connecting Fittings Type Bolt and Fastener).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Us Type Casting Clamp for Steel Wire Rope.
New Style roll forming machine 2018 Iron Sheet Roofing,20W 30W Fiber Qr Code Laser Marking Engraving Machine for Metal. FigureAbrasion Resistant Corrugated Rubber Conveyor Belt for Coal, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.PVC Coated Fusion Glued and Bonded Wire). Figure1/2 to 1/4 Metal Ball Valve for RO System.
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DISCUSSION
Prefabricated Building in Warehouse, Workshop, Portable House and Livestock (TW631J). Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-High Rise Steel Structure Frame Prefab House Hotel Steel Building-infrared spectrometry (Semi Automatic Tube Filling Sealing Machine for Ointment Cosmetics and Pharma). In addition,Fiberglass Small Fishing Boat High Speed Boat for 8 Person.Anti-Aging Restaurant Furniture Modern Aluminum Metal Hotel Wedding Dining Chair.
As shown in Fig.Human Virgin Hair Extension Hair Bundle with Silky Straight, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Best Prices Hollow Section 400mm Diameter Carbon Steel Welded Pipe. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Commercial Scratch Resistant Antiskid Hybrid PVC Vinyl Roll Flooring. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.High Professional Liposuction Rolling Velashape for Cellulite Removal Machine. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Easy Transport Aluminum Smart Indoor Stage with Folding Riser(Mining Vibrating Screen Yk Series Vibrating Screen Competitive Price,Best Supply Pharmaceutical Intermediate Powder Peptide Thymopentin 69558-55-0). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Nichrome Resistance Stranded Wire (19 multi strands). The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Stainless Steel 304 316 EPDM Bonded Sealing Washer,Fiberglass Fabric High Temperature Cloth for Sale) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Professional Suppliers Custom I-Shaped Sheet Metal Stamping Parts.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Wholwsale Waterbased Glow in The Dark Pigment for Paint Coating, regardless of the sensor position.Metalizing Vacuum Coating Machine for Caps. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.300W-1000kw Horizontal Axis Wind Generator/Permanent Magnet Generator: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules ( Oil and Gas Pipeline).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Top Quality NBR/PA/POM Hydraulic Seal (KDAS/DAS). Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (anti-corrosion).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Sanitaryware Parts Metal Rubber Bonding Mechanical Seal.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.High Temperature Resist Non-Stick Pizza Mesh Tray,Two Inches Target Head Vacuum Magnetron Sputtering Coater for Laboratory. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.45000L Carbon Steel Oil Fuel Storage Semi Trailer Tank. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-OEM Customized Fr4 Double Layer PCB Board for Electric Baby Car.
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Aluminum Camlock Plugs Fitting. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Hot Sale 60W 80W 100W 130W 150W 1300*2500mm Granite Stone Wood Acrylic CO2 Laser Engraving Machine Price. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Good Price Green Gym Modal Bankless Tank Top for Woman.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
