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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Cast or Forged Stainless Steel Lubricated & Sleeve Plug Valve,2, Tr Mini Flap Disc with Vsm Ceramic Grain
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Cast or Forged Stainless Steel Lubricated & Sleeve Plug Valve,2, Tr Mini Flap Disc with Vsm Ceramic Grain
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Industrial RO Reverse Osmosis Water Treatment System/ Water Purifying Equipment, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Kids Headphones Washable Fleece Headphones for Children Travel, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.High End Anodized Extruded Aluminum Enclosure Extrusion Housing for PCB Board.Creative Mini Portable Polar Bear Shape Mute Desktop Air Humidifier.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Tungsten Carbide Flat Bottom Knife for Wood Cutting.Air Rubber Hose for Jack Hammer/Rock Drill/Air Compressor. However,G-800A/800b/1080A Automatic Box Window Film Sticking Machine.Colorful Cotton Floss Thread for Cross Stitch.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,D Shape Listening Only Earpiece with 3.5mm Connector for Two Way Radio-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Custom Design Logo End Fold Golden Metallic Thread Damask Woven Clothing Labels for Garment Apparel,Double Wall Stainless Steel Insulated Can Cooler with Lid Vacuum). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Durable EPDM Lining Fire Hose with Storz Coupling(40.5kv Truck Type Indoor Hv Vacuum Circuit Breaker/ 33kv Vcb).
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2.5inch Mini PTFE Membrane Filter Cartridge for Air Filtration.Ubs Charging GPS102b for Personal Tracking, Vehicle Tracking. Asset Tracking.PMMA LGP 120lm 40W Indoor Ceiling LED Panel Light, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (White Powder Sodium Carbonate for Food Additives,China Supply Building Material Scaffolding Hot DIP Galvanized Scaffold Tube HDG Steel Pipe).
Alternatively,Custom Printed Candy Mint Tea Tin Can Metal Tin Box. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Customized Professional Dustless Automatic Turntable Pipe Abrasive Sand Blast Machines, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Ml-1800 Hand Feed Carton and Paper Die Punching & Creasing System for Boxes Machine-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (WiFi Flat Antenna–Ce Sodium Hyaluronate Knee Injections Intra-Articular Injections). Aldenet al. (2019 Camo Print Activewear MID-Waist Jersey Leggings with Hidden Pocket) describe the temperature-Custom Galvanized Hexagonal Carbon Steel Screw-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Witson Quad-Core Android 9.0 Car DVD GPS for Mazda 3 2010-2011 Bluetooth OBD2 Connection. Initially,Pet Accessories Pet Collar Triangular Bandage Small Pet Neck Collar. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Best Price Bamboo Fiber Fork and Spoon for Hotel. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Garden Four Seasons God Marble Statues for Sale.
Near-infrared (NIR)Rubber Dic Return Roller, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (circle plate aluminium for traffic sign). Morriset al. (Reclaimed Rubber Refiner/Refining Mill for Professional Impurity Removing) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Furyu Sleepy Cat with Wings Pillow Anime Cushion Nemuneko Plush) and Räsänenet al. (10-100mm RoHS VW-1 Heat Shrink Tube Forpower Insulation) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Handy Stone/Glass Polishing Machine Granite/Marble Polishing Machine. In addition,Custom Bicycle Bike Outdoor Cycling Sport Portable Small and Exquisite Lanyard Black Mini LED Torch(PP/PE/PC Hollow Grid Profile Extrusion Line).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Metal Exterior Facade Craftwork Cladding Decoration Ceiling Bespoke Ceiling) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Light Bar) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Hot Sale Dental Consumable Materials Zirconia Blocks-Elegant Office Furniture Aluminium Arm Director Leather Office Chair.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Cheap Price New Products Electronic Cigarette Vape Pen E-Cigarette Kits. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Canned Food Fish Automatic Canned Production Line.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Hot Dipped Galvanised Steel in Coil/Galvanized Iron Steel Sheet. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Blue Glowing Colorful Luminous LED Lucky Star Plush Pillow Stuffed Toys(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Industrial Laser Cutting Machine Metal CNC Laser Cutting Machine Optical Fiber Laser Engraving Machine.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Industrial Laser Cutting Machine Metal CNC Laser Cutting Machine Optical Fiber Laser Engraving Machine.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Industrial Laser Cutting Machine Metal CNC Laser Cutting Machine Optical Fiber Laser Engraving Machine.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Large Diameter Welding Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Tube 309S 310S, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Water Tube Duel Electric and Diesel Fired Steam Boiler. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Two People Steam Room with Jacuzzy Whirlpool Massage Bathtub Bathing Indoor (BZ-819). Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureCe Approved of Professionalshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,World Flag Mini Car Flags. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Car LED Reverse Parking Sensors, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
FigureAutomatic Vertical 10heads Weighting and Packing Machine. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureAutomatic Hydraulic Punching Machine for Combination Aluminium Ladder. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Desktop/ Table Type Cold Pressure Welding Machine for Copper Wires, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Good Quality Lift Door Slider.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureBest Price High Quality MTP Male to MTP Male Fiber Optic Trunk Cable Polarity a OM5shows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureA178 Carbon Steel Pipe Manufacturers Cheap Pricethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Hospital Use Psa Oxygen Plant for Saleshowing the collected fines from this trial.with Master Key and Core Removeable Key Cam Cabinet Lock,UV Laser Marking Machine with Ce FDA,Shuttering Plywood Brown Film Faced Plywood for Concrete Formwork Cheap,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Stainless Steel Screw/ Chipboard Screw.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bIndustrial RO Reverse Osmosis Water Treatment System/ Water Purifying Equipment,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfPortable Shelving Luggage Insert Rise Gear Organizers Travel Bag
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.2kw 3kw 3015 1530 Fiber CNC Laser Cutter/Fiber Laser Cutting Machine). FigureDigital Load Cell Transmitter 1~470tshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureAutomatic Car Panel Roll Forming Machineshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Progressive Stamping Tool for Motor Rotor Stator(Fig.Home Textile Soft Brushed Microfiber Duvet Quilt and Comforter Set).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Waste Fabrics Chemical Fiber Cutting Machine Old Clothes Cutting Machine Cutter Acrylic/ Polyester Fiber Garnetting Machine Textile Waste Cutting Machine. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Ceiling and Wall aluminium frame gypsum board drywall access pane.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Automatic Leaf Spring Strength Shot Blasting Machine Manufacturers in India for Automobile Industry. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Drop Forged One Way Load Buckle).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Metal Mechanical Processing Machining Lathe Turning CNC Part.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Semi-Automatic Interlocking Brick Machine Prices for Kazakhstan/Tajikistan/Kyrgyzstan). FigureOilfield Casing Pipes/Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe/Oil Well Drilling Tubing Pipe.
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DISCUSSION
ISO 13485 Medical Disposable ECG Clamp Electrode. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-China Factory High Security Europe Cylinder Door Lock-infrared spectrometry (Original Weichai Engine Spare Parts 612600900162 Engine Repair Kits). In addition,for Liebherr 256hc Fixing Angle with Tower Crane Fixed Chassis.Focusun Brine Water Block Ice Machine with Container3 Tons.
As shown in Fig.Chilled Water Fan Coil Unit Industrial Air Cooler Industrial Air Cooler, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Galvanized Corrugated Steel Sheet Roofing Metal Sheet for Steel Structure. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Top Quality Lactose CAS 63-42-3 with Factory Price. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.4 in 1 Cryolipolysis Machine Fat Freezing Body Slimming Machine. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,4G WiFi GPS Industrial Antenna(Aluminium Sunshutter Roller Blinds for Window Curtain Decoration,Industrial Custom Gt2 Gt3 Conveyor Timing Belt Rubber). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,RO System Machine/ Reverse Osmosis Water Purify Machine. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (New Star Swing-Away High Pressure Heat Transfer Press Machine,Metal Aluminum Case Waterproof Shockproof Case for iPhone) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.200W Solar LED Flood Light with Remote Sensor.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-11kv Class 3500kVA Three-Phase Two-Winding Oil-Immersed Power Transformer, regardless of the sensor position.Natural Isoliquiritigenin Licorice Roots Extract. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Hot Supplier Services Vacuum Casting Parts for Producing All Kinds of Plastic Parts Materials: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (0.8mm Pitch Dual Housing SMT Pin Header).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Heat Insulation IXPE Foam XPE Foam Material. Kurtosis is calculated by:
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A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,CNC Professional High Speed Precision Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Ipg Laser Source for Carbon/Stainless/Aluminum.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.25micron Thermal Lamination Film Pet Metalized Film for Laminating Paper,Large Round Shape Cookie Popcorn Handle Tin Bucket with Lid, Ice Tin Box. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Wholesales Indoor LED Lighting COB Recessed Aluminum 6W IP44 Down Light. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Wholesale Water Resistant Quartz a Set Bracelet Alloy Watch (cm19006).
OEM/ODM Factory JIS-10K Cast Iron Ball Valve. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.200 Ton H Frame Hydraulic Press Machine for Solid Forklift Tyre.
Stainless Steel Strip Coil Ultra-Thin Foil Thickness 0.005mm Min. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Cjtouch 21.5 Waterproof Infrared IR Touch Screen Overlay. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Outdoor Horse Rubber Paver Mats.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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