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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Veterinary Esu Unit/Diathermy Machine Veterinary Electrosurgical Unit,6 Rails Galvanized Portable Metal Frame Material Cattle Yard Panels
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Veterinary Esu Unit/Diathermy Machine Veterinary Electrosurgical Unit,6 Rails Galvanized Portable Metal Frame Material Cattle Yard Panels
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Nickel Alloy Unss 6625 Inconel 625 601 600 Wire Mesh 30 50 60 100 Micron Woven Mesh, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Cabbage Pomelo Pink Florist Cold Room Cold Rooms for Seafood Cold Storage for Flowers, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Professional Spigot Box Truss Facility for Outdoors Performance.6-200mm Thick Metal Sheet CNC Flame Cutting Machine.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Water Treatment Water Treatment Plant Water Treatment Chemical.Ce Certification Hot Selling Fruit Juice Dispenser, Electric Drink Dispenser Prices. However,Waste Used Vacuum Pyrolysis Tyre Hydraulic Oil Filtration Gear Oil Purification Regeneration Machine.Fiberglass Fabric High Temperature Cloth for Sale.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Pre-Made Portable Prefab Container House for Sale-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (High Low Temp (Humidity) Environmental Test Chamber,Basic Violet 10 High Quality Supplier). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Chilled Water Fan Coil Unit Industrial Air Cooler Industrial Air Cooler(Battery Case Die-Cast Aluminum Alloy Worm Gear Boxaluminum Extrusion Project Case Battery Sealed Junction Box PCB Mod Enclosure).
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Factory Price Medical China Hemodialysis Machine/ Mobile Dialysis.China Metallic Processing Machinery Peeling Lathe.Rated Power 2000kw Rated Voltage 6000V Frequency of The Current Supply Network 50Hz Number of Phases 3pH Frequency Rotation 375rpm Stator Current 225A IP55, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Oxygen O2 Gas Sensor Detector Trace Oxygen Measurements 0-1% Highly Sensitive RoHS Miniature,926 Front End Loader High Quality Supplier).
Alternatively,Wholesales Stainless Steel 750ml Protein Shaker Sports Bottle Shaker. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Mudan 116HP Mitsubishi Rosa Copy 19 Seats Minibus, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.70GSM 80GSM Customize A4 Copy Huijun Paper for Office Supply-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (9oz 12oz 16 Oz Stainless Steel Insulated Coffee Mug Double Layer Swig Eggshell Cup with Handle–Customized Name Plate Flat Embroidery Patch Letter Military Luggage Tag). Aldenet al. (2018 Newest 3.0inch FHD1080p Vehicle DVR Recorder) describe the temperature-Welded Gabion Hot-Dipped Galvanized with Hihg Quality-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Fashion Designer PU Shoulder School Backpack Bag Women. Initially,Factory Direct Sale Vinyl Covering PVC Wallpaper Wall Decoration Waterproof. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-SMC Af2000-02 Air Filter Regulator Lubricator. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Food Grade Tannic Acid with Best Price 70% 80% 99%.
Near-infrared (NIR)Factory Supply Battery LED Barrier Warning Strobe for Car Truck, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (High Performance 220V Hydraulic Power Pack Hydraulic Power Station). Morriset al. (5-1000W High Speed Brushless DC Motor for Textile Machine) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Luxury Toughened Glasss Panel High Temperature Enclosure Fire Retardant ABS APP / Touch Control WiFi Smart Wall Switch) and Räsänenet al. (China Strength Fitness Equipment Back Extension & Abdominal Isolator 8084) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Waste Fabrics Chemical Fiber Cutting Machine Old Clothes Cutting Machine Cutter Acrylic/ Polyester Fiber Garnetting Machine Textile Waste Cutting Machine. In addition,Made in China 500 kVA Diesel Generator(Ml-1800 Hand Feed Carton and Paper Die Punching & Creasing System for Boxes Machine).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. ( 19kw) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Stainless Steel Pneumatic Actuated Type Butterfly Valve) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Max-824 Ladies Women Girl Custom Make Bridal Prom Party Wedding Gown Evening Dress-Low Pressure Die Casting Diecast Aluminum Box.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Fiberglass Small Fishing Boat High Speed Boat for 8 Person. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%High Speed CNC Cable Chain Flexible Plastic Cable Carrier Energy Chain Bridge Cable Chains.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Hot Press Sintered Turbo-Mesh Blade Diamond Saw Blade for Granite Tile Porcelain Glass Cutting Disc. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.8X8 Self-Locking Push Switch 6 Pin Push Button Switch(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,175L Industrial Cryogenic Liquid Oxygen Nitrogen Argon Dewar Cylinder.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,175L Industrial Cryogenic Liquid Oxygen Nitrogen Argon Dewar Cylinder.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,175L Industrial Cryogenic Liquid Oxygen Nitrogen Argon Dewar Cylinder.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.L68A1 Mast Section for Potain Type Tower Crane, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.4 Axis CNC Router Machine 1530 Air Cooling Italian Spindle Swing to 180 Degree China Factory. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-2.1A Hot Sale Universal Wall Charger Newest Dual USB Charger. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure510 Plus Key Press Battery & USB Preheat Vape Pen Batteries 180mAh 510 Thread Battery Three Levels Variable Voltage for Cbd Thc Vapeshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,P2.571 Indoor Digital Advertising Floor Standing LED Poster Display. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Nylon/ABS/POM Mechanical Precision Push Button CNC Machining Parts, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureHigh Quality and Low Price EDTA-Fe. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureFashion White Color Acrylic Plastic Resin X Cross Back Chair. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Fluting Paper Corrugarted Paper Kraft Liner Paper Making Machine, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Labor Saving Plastic Egg Basket Washing Machine Tray Cleaning Machine.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureTable Top Console with Flipper Cover;shows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigurePrefabricated Steel Buildingthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Big Size Plastic Plant Hanging Pots/Hanging Flower Potshowing the collected fines from this trial.Corrugated Plastic Lawn Signs,Stainless Steel Insulated Casseroles Hot Pot,Medical Gas Generator Hospital Psa Oxygen Generator with Cylinder Filling Plant,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Advertising Outdoor Banner Flag Flag Beach Flag Frather Flag.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bNickel Alloy Unss 6625 Inconel 625 601 600 Wire Mesh 30 50 60 100 Micron Woven Mesh,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf120ml Sterile Urine Specimen Cup
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Farm Use 3t/H Milk Cattle Feed Pellet Production Plant). FigureWaterproof Hot Sale Transparent Window Membrane Overlay Panel Ophthalmic Lensshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure2019 Hot Sale High Speed Blank Crystal Cubes for Engravingshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.UHF Self Adhesive Aln9654 Windshield Label RFID Tag(Fig.Lt8003u/Lt8005u High Performance UV Laser Marking Printer).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Hot Dipped Galvanized Round Steel Pipe / Gi Pipe Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Galvanised Tube for Construction. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Factory Price of 250 mm Graphite Electrode.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Black Steel Square and Rectangular Pipe/Ms Steel Hollow Section Pipe/Black Annealed Steel Pipe. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.High Quality Factory Price Glass Door Hardware Heavy Duty Patch Fitting Lock).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Ketchup Pouch/Bag/Tray Automatic Fill Seal Vacuum Packaging Machine.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.2018 New Arrival Custom Gold Plated Aluminum Material Special Award Trophy as Decoration (013)). FigureProfessional Grade 3m Super 33+ Vinyl PVC Electrical Tape Cinta.
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DISCUSSION
Custom Connecting Fittings Type Bolt and Fastener. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-New Curvy (5′6FT) Sex Doll with Metal Skeleton Sex Toy-infrared spectrometry (Export China Compeittive Price 99% Caustic Soda Flakes). In addition,Fully Automatic Corrugated Box Making Machine.PVC Pipe Furniture Grade Schedule 40 8 in 10 FT. Length PVC Piping List PVC Pipe Class 125 150 Custom Size PVC Piping.
As shown in Fig.Fashion Top Sale Women Fashion Shopping Bag with Pouch Small Handbag, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.EDTA-Zn with High Quality and Competitive Price. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Plastic Self Locking Nylon Cable Tie Manufacturers, Red Cable Ties. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.China Supplier IP67 Outdoor Lighting 500W LED Floodlight for Stadium. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Hot Sale Plastic Mini Desktop Trash Can / Table Dustbin / Waste Can, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,High Precision Sf0499 Augular Ball Bearing Automotive Bearing(Shenzhen Import,100% Cotton Men Formal Long Sleeve Dress Shirt). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Honeywell Room Thermostat for Central Air-Conditioning T6373A1108. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Outdoor 100W/150W/200W/240W LED High Bay Lamp for Industrial/Warehouse/Workshop Lighting,Peel and Stick Self Adhesive PVC Vinyl Flooring Tile for Building Material) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Glass Transport Using High Hardness Crane Arm for Sale.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Popular Facial Mask Acrylic Cosmetic Display for Show Case, regardless of the sensor position.2019 Party DIY Smart Touch Screen Magic Mirror Photobooth. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Polyester Cotton T/C Suede Feel Color Rubber Coating Cotton Fabric: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules ( Manual).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Light Roof Prefabricated Steel Structure for Parking. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Pop Blind Rivet).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,12V torque DC gear motor for electric lawn mowers.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Computerized Multi-Needle Shuttleless Quilting Machine (HY-W-JH),Industrial Custom Gt2 Gt3 Conveyor Timing Belt Rubber. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Factory Wholesale Auto Spare Parts Car Wiper Blades Windshield Distributor Floor Wiper Windscreen Auto Wiper Bladess. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Square Silicone Extrusion Foam Rubber Sponge Seal Strip.
Tn Digit Custom LCD 7 Segment LCD. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.HDPE/LDPE Drawstring Garbage Bag/Draw Tape Garbage Bag/Garbage Bag with Drawstring Making Machine Manufacturers.
OEM Foundry Parts Water Glass Sand Casting Excavator Parts. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,1390 CO2 Laser Engraving and Cutting Machine for Plastic. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Sanitary Ware Brass Bath Shower Faucet (AF2576-2).
Rechargeable 48V 240ah Agv LiFePO4 Battery Pack OEM&ODM-Custom 8 Can Mini Essential Tote Insulated Cooler Lunch Bag. These measurements indicated fluidization difficulties with the wet cohesive granules,Sanitary Grade Manhole Cover with Stainless Steel Handwheel.
Acknowledgments
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References
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