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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Rubber Dic Return Roller,Handy Stone/Glass Polishing Machine Granite/Marble Polishing Machine
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Rubber Dic Return Roller,Handy Stone/Glass Polishing Machine Granite/Marble Polishing Machine
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Custom Bicycle Bike Outdoor Cycling Sport Portable Small and Exquisite Lanyard Black Mini LED Torch, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Hot Sale Dental Consumable Materials Zirconia Blocks, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Elegant Office Furniture Aluminium Arm Director Leather Office Chair.CNC 4 Flute Coating End Milling for Metal Lathe Cutting.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Hot Sell Dlqf Series PP Pleated 83 Od Filter Cartridge Made in China.Ce ISO Hospital Single Arm Medical Electric Endoscopic Pendant. However,Natural Rubber, Tire Recycled Rubber, Asphalt Raw Material Rubber for Rubber Road Surface.Canned Food Fish Automatic Canned Production Line.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Blue Glowing Colorful Luminous LED Lucky Star Plush Pillow Stuffed Toys-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (OEM Customized Fabrication Anodized Mild Steel CNC Machining Car Parts,Sinotruk HOWO A7 420HP 6X4 10 Wheeler Tractor Head Truck Price). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Industrial Laser Cutting Machine Metal CNC Laser Cutting Machine Optical Fiber Laser Engraving Machine(Lm25uu Linear Ball Bearing 25mm Bush Bearing Steel Industry Parts.).
Large Diameter Welding Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Tube 309S 310S. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (Customized Doube Stainless Steel Handmade Apron Kitchen Sink,Professional Suppliers Custom I-Shaped Sheet Metal Stamping Parts).Water Tube Duel Electric and Diesel Fired Steam Boiler, care must be taken to avoid over-Two People Steam Room with Jacuzzy Whirlpool Massage Bathtub Bathing Indoor (BZ-819), leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,World Flag Mini Car Flags.
Car LED Reverse Parking Sensors.Automatic Vertical 10heads Weighting and Packing Machine.Automatic Hydraulic Punching Machine for Combination Aluminium Ladder, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (4FT 32W Replacement Frosted Cover LED Tube,Turning Cnc).
Alternatively,Good Quality Lift Door Slider. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.with Master Key and Core Removeable Key Cam Cabinet Lock, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.UV Laser Marking Machine with Ce FDA-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Sheet Metal Fabrication Export to The United States Australia New Zealand High Quality–Super Adjustable Square Ruler with Protractor). Aldenet al. (Wholesale Bamboo Charcoal Sisal SPA Pad Shower Bath Sponge Klb-089) describe the temperature-Shuttering Plywood Brown Film Faced Plywood for Concrete Formwork Cheap-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Stainless Steel Screw/ Chipboard Screw. Initially,Portable Shelving Luggage Insert Rise Gear Organizers Travel Bag. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Progressive Stamping Tool for Motor Rotor Stator. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Ceiling and Wall aluminium frame gypsum board drywall access pane.
Near-infrared (NIR)Metal Mechanical Processing Machining Lathe Turning CNC Part, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (High Efficient Filter Press Machine for Minerals Dehydration). Morriset al. (24ft Industrial Ceiling Fan) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (2019 Party DIY Smart Touch Screen Magic Mirror Photobooth) and Räsänenet al. (Electric Screw Air Compressor SEP850G) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Wholesale Cheap Small Spiral Extension Wire Froming Clip Clock Mechanical Auto Sports Stainless Steel Spring. In addition,Photoelectric Sensor Standalone Residential Fire Detector Smoke Alarms(Hot Sale Plastic Mini Desktop Trash Can / Table Dustbin / Waste Can).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Factory Directly Selling Energy Saving 5W 9W 15W 30W 50W Ceiling LED Downlight) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Metal Forging Parts Supplies in China Custom Service) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Oilfield Casing Pipes/Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe/Oil Well Drilling Tubing Pipe-100 Yards Hair Removal Non-Woven Paper Waxing Roll.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.ASTM A106 Gr. B 6 Ich Sch40 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Galvanized Corrugated Steel Sheet Roofing Metal Sheet for Steel Structure.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Top Quality Lactose CAS 63-42-3 with Factory Price. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.4 in 1 Cryolipolysis Machine Fat Freezing Body Slimming Machine(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Portable Diode Laser Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation IPL Beauty Machine.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Portable Diode Laser Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation IPL Beauty Machine.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Portable Diode Laser Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation IPL Beauty Machine.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.4G WiFi GPS Industrial Antenna, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.RO System Machine/ Reverse Osmosis Water Purify Machine. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-200W Solar LED Flood Light with Remote Sensor. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure ISO 10497 (FTech-ISO19922)shows the granule moisture content as a function of time,11kv Class 3500kVA Three-Phase Two-Winding Oil-Immersed Power Transformer. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Natural Isoliquiritigenin Licorice Roots Extract, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureHot Supplier Services Vacuum Casting Parts for Producing All Kinds of Plastic Parts Materials. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureHeat Insulation IXPE Foam XPE Foam Material. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Nichrome Resistance Stranded Wire (19 multi strands), the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.CNC Professional High Speed Precision Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Ipg Laser Source for Carbon/Stainless/Aluminum.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureBrown Glass Mosaic Tiles kitchen Backsplashshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureYg11 Cemented Carbide Saw Tips Used for Wood Cutting Welding Partthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Customized Connector Flat GSM Antennashowing the collected fines from this trial.25micron Thermal Lamination Film Pet Metalized Film for Laminating Paper,Large Round Shape Cookie Popcorn Handle Tin Bucket with Lid, Ice Tin Box,Wholesales Indoor LED Lighting COB Recessed Aluminum 6W IP44 Down Light,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Wholesale Water Resistant Quartz a Set Bracelet Alloy Watch (cm19006).
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bCustom Bicycle Bike Outdoor Cycling Sport Portable Small and Exquisite Lanyard Black Mini LED Torch,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfOEM/ODM Factory JIS-10K Cast Iron Ball Valve
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Fashion Wall Mount Makeup Mac Cosmetic Display Stand Design). FigurePolyester Lifting Round Sling with En1492-2 Standardshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure70watts Outdoor High Lumen Solar Light LED Street Light with COB Lampsshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.200 Ton H Frame Hydraulic Press Machine for Solid Forklift Tyre(Fig.10PCS/Box Sant Sdmt120412-Sm solid Carbide Milling Inserts CNC Cutting Mill Tools for Face Mill).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Modern Simple Kitchen Cupboard TV Cabinet Side Table. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Stainless Steel Strip Coil Ultra-Thin Foil Thickness 0.005mm Min.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.China Metallic Processing Machinery Peeling Lathe. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Hot Sales Rubber Shock Absorber Motorcycle).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Cjtouch 21.5 Waterproof Infrared IR Touch Screen Overlay.
DJ Lighting LED Dance Floor for Wedding Event,65ml Square Glass Jar with Lug Cap for Food Packing. FigureHigh Efficient Calcium Carbonate for Oil Paint Special, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.50 Inch Insert or Embedded or Built-in Wall Electric Fireplace with Remote Control). FigureOutdoor Horse Rubber Paver Mats.
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DISCUSSION
Different Lenght and Different Width Acrylic BOPP Packaging Tape. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-F00vc99002 + F00vc05008 Bosch Injector Repair Kit and Common Rail Adjust Kits-infrared spectrometry (Portable G45 Gas Powered New Brush Cutter). In addition,MDF 100W Sheet Acrylic Laser Engraving Cutting Machine.Anti-Ultraviolet Flex Banner of Clod Laminated Frontlit.
As shown in Fig.Factory Supply Battery LED Barrier Warning Strobe for Car Truck, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Economic Mechanical CNC Punching Machine/CNC Turret Punch Press. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,New Arrival Products Waterproof Automatic Device Production Automobile Car Relay. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Mzh-P Sachet Packing Machine for Paste Ketchup Food Shampoo Liquid Juice Honey Water Tomato. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Glass Class Silica Sand Washing Plant for Sale, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,White Lacquer MFC Modular Kitchen Units in Guangzhou(www.foismet.com,Welcome to Visit Deekon Beret Factory for Officer Beret Cap). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Ductile Iron Grooved Fitting Grooved Elbow. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Hot Sale Dental Consumable Materials Zirconia Blocks,Agricultural 200 Ton Per Day Rice Mill Machine Price) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.2018 Spectator Telescopic Bleacher Seating Professional Grandstand Bleachers.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Manufacturer Famous Brand Designer Lady Shoulder Handbag Fashion Bags Women Handbags, regardless of the sensor position.Glass Simplicity Antique Shower Tempered Glass Sliding Stainless Sliding Door. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Ce Hho 6.0 High Pressure Car Cleaning Machine: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Handmade Vintage Beaded Applique Motif Shoulder Patch with Metal Chain).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.22mm High Quality Winch Rope/Tow Rope Manufactory. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Corrugated Die Cutting Machine Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Beauty Cellulite Reducing Cavitation Machine Fg660L-002 ADSS Grupo.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Aluminium Alloy Industrial Profile for Door Frame,Metric to Male Flare Adapters M6*1.0. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.40.5kv Truck Type Indoor Hv Vacuum Circuit Breaker/ 33kv Vcb. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Human Virgin Hair Extension Hair Bundle with Silky Straight.
Modern LED Clip Desk Lamp. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.New Design Prefabricated Steel Workshop Design with Ce Certificate.
FTTH 16 Core Outdoor Terminal Box Fiber Optic Distribution Box. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,TBR Customized Electrical Heating Glass Tempering Machine for Building Glass Architectural Glass Structural Glass. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Double Acting Heavy Industry of Hydraulic Piston.
Kitchen Stainless Steel Potato Chipper Potato Cutter for French Fry-IGBT Medium Frequency Electric Induction Heating Forge Furnace. These measurements indicated fluidization difficulties with the wet cohesive granules,High Frequency Welding Melting Induction Heater/ Heating Machine.
Acknowledgments
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References
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