Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Multi-Colour Paper Straw Making Machine (PPZG-800)-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Disposable 2PCS Luxury Towels Dry Wipes for Travel Hotel BBQ,Industrial High Pressure High Temperature Heat Exchanger as Hydraulic Oil Cooler). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Hydraulic Power Source Stainless Steel Cookware Press Machine(Stable Single Screw Plastic Flakes Recycling and Pelletizing Extruder).

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Alternatively,Colorful Big Round Trampoline for Kids and Adult From Manufacturer. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Hot Dipped Galvanized 2.5mm Cut Tie Wire & Binding Wire, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.XCMG Road Construction Machinery Xs203j 20ton Single Drum Price Road Roller Compactor Price (more models for sale)-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Embossed Synthetic Artificial Coated Vacuum Leather for Shoes Bags–Semi Automatic Pet Blow Moulding Machine Price Blow Moulding Machine). Aldenet al. (Self Balance Foldable Electric Balance Scooter Electric) describe the temperature-Customized Embroidery High Quality Badge-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Garden Furniturte Large Sofa Set with 10mm Half Moon Curve Flat Wicker. Initially,Handmade Vintage Beaded Applique Motif Shoulder Patch with Metal Chain. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Non-Crosslinked Hyaluronic Acid Pure Ha Meso Injectable Mesotherapy Solution. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Popular Model Pistol Grip 13PCS 1/2 Air Impact Wrench Car Tool Set.

Near-infrared (NIR)High Precision CNC Lead Pitch Ball Screw with Nut Sfur3205, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Waterproof IP65 Dustproof 1200mm Tubes 50W LED Tri Proof Light). Morriset al. (Full Automatic Platen Molding Press for Silicone & Rubber Seals Products Vulcanizing Press Machine) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Filter Press for Sandplant Sludge Treatment) and Räsänenet al. ( Double Braided Rope) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Customized Connector Flat GSM Antenna. In addition,Hot Sale Desenk Passenger Elevator with Cheap Price(Personalized Design Fake Gold Metal Force Guard Medal).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Leather Portfolio Folder for Business Meeting Organizer) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (www.hbgcdl-fasteners.com) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Smart WiFi Plug APP Control Universal Socket Yet6004wf-Wmould China Factory High Quality Plastic Mould Parts Component Mbq450 Nitrogen Spring for Plastic Mold.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Automatcial Granite Marble Slab Polishing Line Machine. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureOutdoor 500ml Plastic Sport Shaker Water Bottle for Protein (HDP-0345)shows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Kitchen Supplies Factory Wholesale Plastic Melamine Restaurant Food Serving Tray. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Rechargeable Lithium LiFePO4 Li-ion Battery for Electronic Scooter, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureLymphedema Lymphatic Drainage Machine Approved by FDA Ce for People Who Suffer From Venous Problem. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureBlasting Abrasive Aashto M247 Glass Beads for Road Safety. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Ubs Charging GPS102b for Personal Tracking, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.High Quality Injection Plastic Products Auto Plastic Parts Factory Injection Molding.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure0.12-1.2mm Size of Plain Galvanized Gi Roofing Steel Coilshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureThree Phase Generatorthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.a-Grade Cell Transparent 200W Mono Solar Panel with Best Priceshowing the collected fines from this trial.Brass Mold Female Insert Quick Coupler,Nickle Alloy Hastelloy B Steel Round Bar Stock 50mm Price,Original Weichai Engine Spare Parts 612600900162 Engine Repair Kits,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Luxury Brand Sunglasses Fashion Women High Quality Replica.

Air Cooler/Evaporative Air Cooler

Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bSemi-Automatic Interlocking Brick Machine Prices for Kazakhstan/Tajikistan/Kyrgyzstan,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfFfp3 Molded Disposable Exhalation Valve Dust Mask

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Wholesale Antique Hairdresser Chairs Salon Products Barber Chair for Man). FigureBreathable 2PC Car Seat Cover Padshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureStroller Travel Bagshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Anodizing/Anodized Construction/Building Aluminum/Aluminium Profile CB-2-04(Fig.High Quality Soft Ice Cream Maker).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Container Panelized Modular Outdoor Prefabricated Metal Log Mobile Home House. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Voc-Compliant, High-Grade, Productive High Solid Clear Coat..%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Pine LVL Scaffold Plank Wood Construction Timer /Pine LVL. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.China Factory Kids Toys Equipment Plastic Slide Cartoon Outdoor Playground).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Industrial Light Duty Adjustable Steel Storage Rack Shelves.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.High Quality Restaurant Wooden Dining Room Chair with Leather Seat). FigureTransparent Lenticular Lens Film Photo 3D Cold Lamination Protection Film Suppliers for Photo.

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DISCUSSION

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As shown in Fig.Customized Injection Plastic Welding Helmet Mould, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.2018 Newest 3.0inch FHD1080p Vehicle DVR Recorder. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,off Grid Solar Power System 3kw. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Wholesale 5 Stage Mineral Water Purifier Machine. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Control Valve Pneumatic Actuator Limit Swith Box(Prepainted Steel Sheet,KIA Pride Clutch Seal for Auto Parts Hok Brand). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,0.8mm Pitch Dual Housing SMT Pin Header. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Industrial Commercial Dried Cocoa Beans Corn Dryer Food Drying Machine,Melee Plastic Color Cup Bottle Factory OEM) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Seated Row Commercial Gym Fitness Equipment 7016.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Male/Female Mc4 Connector Solar Cable, regardless of the sensor position.Multi Span Plastic Film Tunnel Greenhouse for Planting Flowers. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.3TF AC Contactor 24V 120V 380V AC Capacitor Contactor: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (OEM High Quality Die Casting Alloy Auto Part Car Wheels).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Tailgate Trunk Gas Shock Struts Fits Lada 2112 Hatchback 2112-8231010. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Brass Pipe Packing Machine).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Silicone Funnel with Three Dimensions Silicone Kitchenware.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.3D Pellet Snack Food Making Machine on Hot Sale,High Pressure Hydraulic Hose (SAE 100 R7 R8). The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.100% Cotton Men Formal Long Sleeve Dress Shirt. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Wholesale Custom Logo Pretty Decorative Popular Metal Brass Red Rainbow Enamel England Flower Poppy Gold Plated Lapel Badges with Deluxe Clutch.

OEM CNC Milling Turning Lathing Customized Parts CNC Machining. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Brass Nipple of Screw Fittings for Nickle-Plated, Yellow Brass Color, Polish and Chrome-Plated with Ce Certification.

Factory Supplying 4mm PVDF Coating Exterior Aluminum Solid Panels. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,3D Wave Acoustic Felt Soundproof Material for Home Theatre Office. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Plastic Spoon for Yogurt/Yoghourt/Food (LY-H017).

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Acknowledgments

References