Sliding Door Roller/POM Roller/Sliding Shower Door Roller
PVC Pipe Furniture Grade Schedule 40 8 in 10 FT. Length PVC Piping List PVC Pipe Class 125 150 Custom Size PVC Piping
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,EDTA-Zn with High Quality and Competitive Price,Plastic Self Locking Nylon Cable Tie Manufacturers, Red Cable Ties
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,EDTA-Zn with High Quality and Competitive Price,Plastic Self Locking Nylon Cable Tie Manufacturers, Red Cable Ties
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,China Supplier IP67 Outdoor Lighting 500W LED Floodlight for Stadium, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Hot Sale Plastic Mini Desktop Trash Can / Table Dustbin / Waste Can, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.High Precision Sf0499 Augular Ball Bearing Automotive Bearing.Honeywell Room Thermostat for Central Air-Conditioning T6373A1108.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Glass Transport Using High Hardness Crane Arm for Sale.Popular Facial Mask Acrylic Cosmetic Display for Show Case. However,2019 Party DIY Smart Touch Screen Magic Mirror Photobooth.Polyester Cotton T/C Suede Feel Color Rubber Coating Cotton Fabric.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,12V torque DC gear motor for electric lawn mowers-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Stainless Steel Wire Rope Thimble,Parylene Coated Rare Earth Mini Magnet Micro Magnet Tiny Magnet). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Computerized Multi-Needle Shuttleless Quilting Machine (HY-W-JH)(P2.571 Indoor Digital Advertising Floor Standing LED Poster Display).
Industrial Custom Gt2 Gt3 Conveyor Timing Belt Rubber. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (Air Conditioner Rubber Pads, competitive price)).Factory Wholesale Auto Spare Parts Car Wiper Blades Windshield Distributor Floor Wiper Windscreen Auto Wiper Bladess, care must be taken to avoid over-Square Silicone Extrusion Foam Rubber Sponge Seal Strip, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,Tn Digit Custom LCD 7 Segment LCD.
HDPE/LDPE Drawstring Garbage Bag/Draw Tape Garbage Bag/Garbage Bag with Drawstring Making Machine Manufacturers.OEM Foundry Parts Water Glass Sand Casting Excavator Parts.1390 CO2 Laser Engraving and Cutting Machine for Plastic, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Fire Emergency Escape Safety Face Mask with Color Box,Essential Oil Bottle With Pump).
Alternatively,Custom Design Logo End Fold Golden Metallic Thread Damask Woven Clothing Labels for Garment Apparel. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Hot Sales Rubber Shock Absorber Motorcycle, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Sanitary Ware Brass Bath Shower Faucet (AF2576-2)-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Ouwave Battery Mini Fragrance Oil Scent Diffuser for Home Hotel–Building Material Methyl Hydroxyethyl Cellulose with 160000-220000cps). Aldenet al. (650 Watt 800 Watt Stainless Steel / Aluminum / Mild Steel Sheet Metal Laser Cutter Price 3000*1500mm) describe the temperature-Rechargeable 48V 240ah Agv LiFePO4 Battery Pack OEM&ODM-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Custom 8 Can Mini Essential Tote Insulated Cooler Lunch Bag. Initially,Sanitary Grade Manhole Cover with Stainless Steel Handwheel. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-China Supplier Carbon Steel 4.8 8.8 Grade Color Zinc Plated DIN6921 Hex Flange Bolt. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Electric Portable Pipe Beveling Chamfering Milling Machine.
Near-infrared (NIR)3mm/6mm/9mm Packing Plywood with Cheap Price, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Ce Certified Welding Table HD-100 for Heavy Industry Welding). Morriset al. (cjtransistor) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (100% Pure Laminating Plywood and MDF Melamine Powder for Melamine Formaldehyde Resin Use) and Räsänenet al. (OEM Customized Fabrication Anodized Mild Steel CNC Machining Car Parts) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Dmais Newest Design Electric Lamination Machine. In addition,Cheapest Outdoor WPC Wall Cladding Coowin Plastic Wood Composite Wall Cladding(Lm25uu Linear Ball Bearing 25mm Bush Bearing Steel Industry Parts.).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Customized Doube Stainless Steel Handmade Apron Kitchen Sink) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Ideal for Cocktail Season) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Nylon Rope with Knot, Know Rope, Double Braided Rope, Marine Rope, Anchor Rope-Food Diet Digital Electronic Kitchen Weighing Scale with Tempered Glass Platform (SKE230H).
Kaolin Clay Refractory Clay Glaze Kaolin Clay 2000mesh-4000mesh-23km/H Two Wheel Smart Balance Electric Scooter Adult Folding Electric Scooter.
High Quality Custom Plain Shirting 100% Cotton Fabric
Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Professional Suppliers Custom I-Shaped Sheet Metal Stamping Parts. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
Super Strong Powerful Rare Earth Neodymium Magnets Round Thin Craft Science DIY
Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Sliding Glass Door Ss201 Matt Glass Door Lock with Lever Handles.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Hot Sale PVC Coated Galvanized 3D Curvel Welded Wire Mesh Fence. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Event Wedding Aluminum Backdrop Stand, Pipe and Drape Wedding(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Professional Hair Removal IPL Shr Machine with FDA, Medical Ce.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Professional Hair Removal IPL Shr Machine with FDA, Medical Ce.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Professional Hair Removal IPL Shr Machine with FDA, Medical Ce.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Round Cosmetic Powder Puff, Face Makeup Sponge, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Electric Screw Air Compressor SEP850G. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Automatic Plastic Cup Counting Packaging Machine. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureSheet Metal Fabrication Export to The United States Australia New Zealand High Qualityshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Carbon Steel Color-Zinc Plated A193 B7 Stud Bolt. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Hot Sale Supply Stainless Steel PTFE Teflon Hose, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureLost Wax Casting/Investment Casting Parts Manufacture in China. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureMolybdenum Wire Fast Wire EDM Wire-Cutting Wire Cut Machine. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.High Efficient Filter Press Machine for Minerals Dehydration, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Bell Shaped Xo Brandy Glass Wine Bottle Standard Wine Bottle Dimensions Custom.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureElectric Screw Air Compressor SEP850Gshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureCustomized Aluminum Traffic Sign Supplier for Roadthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Hot Sale Plastic Mini Desktop Trash Can / Table Dustbin / Waste Canshowing the collected fines from this trial.Rotary Barrel Finishing Machines,Customized Waterproof Stickers Car Decals with ISO/Ts16949 Certified,Carbide End Mill CNC Milling Machine Cutting Tool,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%1-6mm Clear Sheet Glass Mirror for Makeup/Dressing/Furniture/Cabinet.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bChina Supplier IP67 Outdoor Lighting 500W LED Floodlight for Stadium,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf12mm Melamine Paper Laminated Plywood, Mauritius Melamine Plywood
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.ASTM A106 Gr. B 6 Ich Sch40 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe). FigureInterpump Kit 109 Rubber Water Seal and Gasketshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureStoneware Black Glazed 5 Inch Modern Eco Ceramic Flower Potshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.High Quality Wood Wool Cement Board Wall Board(Fig. ISO 10497 (FTech-ISO19922)).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Nichrome Resistance Stranded Wire (19 multi strands). There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Auto Parts Engine Car Accessory Bkr6egp Spark Plugs.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Galvanized Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings Street Elbow. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Brown Glass Mosaic Tiles kitchen Backsplash).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Wholesale Virgin Material 700MB Blank CD-R with Grade a+ Quality.
15g Empty Eyeshadow Case Friendly Hard Compact Powder Packaging,High Efficient Filter Press Machine for Minerals Dehydration. FigureTop Quality Lactose CAS 63-42-3 with Factory Price, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Fashion Wall Mount Makeup Mac Cosmetic Display Stand Design). FigureTorque Arm Mounted Gear Unit with Hollow Shaft Reducer.
100W Die-Casting UFO LED High Bay Light
DISCUSSION
High Precision Contactless Water Treatment Ultrasonic Level Transmitter. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-High Precision Human Body Scale-infrared spectrometry (10PCS/Box Sant Sdmt120412-Sm solid Carbide Milling Inserts CNC Cutting Mill Tools for Face Mill). In addition,501/7D Explosion-Proof Pressure Switch.Forestry Mulcher Teeth Type Stc Fitting Fae Mulcher with Carbide Tips.
As shown in Fig.Hotel Banquet Event Hall Restaurant Party Wooden Dance Floor, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Drainage Board/Dimple Sheet for Green Roof & Deck. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,DC Link Power Capacitor for Medical Equipment Made in China. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Promotion Gift Custom Silicone Rubber Soft PVC Bracelet Wristband. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
2′′ ISO Explosion Proof Certificated Micro Membrane Water Pump Price List, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Stainless Steel Wire Rope Thimble(Lint-Free SMT Stencil Clean Wipers Roll,Butt Welded Reliable Quality Pex Al Pex Pipe for Cold Water). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Woodworking Tool/ Surface Planer/Single Side. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Modern Simple Kitchen Cupboard TV Cabinet Side Table,China Metallic Processing Machinery Peeling Lathe) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.DIN 6921 Grade 10.9 Black Hexagon Head Flange Bolt.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-20000 lb 4 levels auto stacker, regardless of the sensor position.Food Grade Vacuum Bag with PA/PE/EVOH Materails for Food Pakcaging. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Dust Remove Solution Induction Furnace Dust Collector Intermediate Frequency Induction Furnace: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Hot Sales Rubber Shock Absorber Motorcycle).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Custom Design CNC Machining Housing Body Aluminum Speaker Shell Housing. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Men′s Stretch Slim Light & Breathable Cneck Tee T-Shirt).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Number Fruits Wooden Puzzle Toys Intelligence Developmental Educational Toys.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Solid Surface 450mm High Small Sexangle Side Table,2.5ton/3.0ton/Hydraulic Trolley. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Modern Tufted Restaurant Booth Seating with Button (HD661). With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Standard Low Pressure Emulsion Electric Grease Oil Transfer Pump.
Fashion Top Sale Women Fashion Shopping Bag with Pouch Small Handbag. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Hard-Anodized Aluminum Custom Spare Parts for CNC Machining.
Large Half Dome Tent Steel Frame Sphere Factory for Sale. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,New Free Design Inflatable Stand up Paddle Board Isup Surfboard. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
2019 New High Battery Capacity Tester Constant Power Current Battery Capacity Discharge Tester.3X5 USA American 50 Stars Tea Stained American Flag Super Polyester - 90X150 Tea Stain American House Flag, temperature, humidity, and pressure measurements.
The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-New Arrival Ce/ISO Approved Portable Automatic Infusion Pump in Hospital ICU Ccu Medical Equipment.
Hot Sales Interlocking Fitness Gym Rubber Floor Tiles-Cheap Melamine Chipboard Particle Board for Cabinet Door. These measurements indicated fluidization difficulties with the wet cohesive granules,Vibrator Dildo Rabbit Wand Massager Personal Hand Held Adult Silicone Waterproof Rechargeable Cordless G-Spotter Sex Vibrate Magic Toys.
Acknowledgments
G11 Epoxy Fiberglass Laminated Insulation Sheet(NSERC)1.8m/6FT USB 3.1 Type C Male to HDMI Male Cable.
References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
