Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Recycle Wholesale Toilet Paper Toilet Tissue-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (China Strength Fitness Equipment Back Extension & Abdominal Isolator 8084,Shopping Mall Kiosk). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Stainless Steel Heat Presevation 500ml Coffee Cup with Lid and Straw(Ml-1800 Hand Feed Carton and Paper Die Punching & Creasing System for Boxes Machine).

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Alternatively,New Design Fireplace Wood Holder. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Reusable Brake Brass Hydraulic Hose Fitting for Tap, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.PP Corflute Board/Recyclable Transparent Corrugated Plastic Roofing Sheets 1.5mm 2.5mm 4mm-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (510 Plus Key Press Battery & USB Preheat Vape Pen Batteries 180mAh 510 Thread Battery Three Levels Variable Voltage for Cbd Thc Vape–High Pressure Hydraulic Hose (SAE 100 R7 R8)). Aldenet al. (Cjtouch TFT LCD Touch Screen Monitor Cheap 10.4 Inch LED Touchscreen Monitor for POS) describe the temperature-Resistance Alloy Ni60cr15 Enameled Nichrome Wire for Electromagnetic Furnace-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Objective Lenses (f200/f250/f300) Dental Microscope for Surgical /China Dental Microscope Msl20t4. Initially,Small AC Fan Industrial Type Blower Exhaust Fan. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Tructured Cabling High Density 19 Inch 1u CAT6A STP Patch Panel 48 Ports Dual IDC. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Electronic Interlock Pass Box for Lab Equipment.

Near-infrared (NIR)FRP Pultrusion Pipe Mould, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Fluting Paper Corrugarted Paper Kraft Liner Paper Making Machine). Morriset al. (BOPP Film for Capacitor Use 4.5 Margin Metallized Polyester Film) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Automobile Fuse) and Räsänenet al. (Table Top Console with Flipper Cover;) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Carbide Wire Drawing Dies/Tungsten Carbide Cold Heading Dies. In addition,Diesel Mini Tiller, Cultivator(Big Size Plastic Plant Hanging Pots/Hanging Flower Pot).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Oil Resisitance Rubber Packer for Oilfield and Sour Gas Applications) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Plain Kraft Paper Soft Cover School Lined Notebook in Good Quality) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Playground Flooring Suspension Floor for Kindergarten Basketball Court-21.5 Inch Capacitive Touch Screens for Touch Kiosk Monitors.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Farm Use 3t/H Milk Cattle Feed Pellet Production Plant. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureLt8003u/Lt8005u High Performance UV Laser Marking Printershows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Air Rubber Hose for Jack Hammer/Rock Drill/Air Compressor. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.G-800A/800b/1080A Automatic Box Window Film Sticking Machine, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureColorful Cotton Floss Thread for Cross Stitch. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureCustomized Color Powder Coated Aluminum Profile. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Hot Dipped Galvanized Round Steel Pipe / Gi Pipe Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Galvanised Tube for Construction, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.D Shape Listening Only Earpiece with 3.5mm Connector for Two Way Radio.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureHigh Quality Factory Price Glass Door Hardware Heavy Duty Patch Fitting Lockshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureAutomatic Escalatorthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Syb-120 700 Position Point Solderless PCB Breadboard Protoboard 178mm*45mmshowing the collected fines from this trial.Durable EPDM Lining Fire Hose with Storz Coupling,Investment Casting Stainless Steel Screwed 90 Degree Street Elbow,DIN916 Hexagonal Screw to Stopw with Yellow Black,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Chinese Canned Sardine Price (6-8PCS/KG).

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b2019 New Fashion PU Leather Tote Bag Shoulder Bag Big Volume Bag European Style Women Handbag Lady Hand Bag Ladies Bags,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfMylar Film Slitting Machine, Polyester Film Cutting Machine for Compact Busduct

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.2018 New Arrival Custom Gold Plated Aluminum Material Special Award Trophy as Decoration (013)). FigureMost Popular 200watt Modified Sine Wave Power Car Invertershows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureMason Jar With Lidshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.2.5inch Mini PTFE Membrane Filter Cartridge for Air Filtration(Fig.Export China Compeittive Price 99% Caustic Soda Flakes).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Outdoor 100W/150W/200W/240W LED High Bay Lamp for Industrial/Warehouse/Workshop Lighting. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Ubs Charging GPS102b for Personal Tracking, Vehicle Tracking. Asset Tracking.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Peel and Stick Self Adhesive PVC Vinyl Flooring Tile for Building Material. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig. Manual).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.PMMA LGP 120lm 40W Indoor Ceiling LED Panel Light.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.High Quality Stainless Steel Glass Door Fittings Mirror Nail). FigureMl-1800 Hand Feed Carton and Paper Die Punching & Creasing System for Boxes Machine.

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DISCUSSION

Witson Quad-Core Android 9.0 Car DVD GPS for Mazda 3 2010-2011 Bluetooth OBD2 Connection. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Pet Accessories Pet Collar Triangular Bandage Small Pet Neck Collar-infrared spectrometry (12124075 Brass Crimp Termian of Assembly Auto Delphi Wire Harness). In addition,Best Price Bamboo Fiber Fork and Spoon for Hotel.Garden Four Seasons God Marble Statues for Sale.

As shown in Fig.Modern Custom Made Restaurant Furniture Booth Seating (SP-CS146), the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Rubber Dic Return Roller. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Handy Stone/Glass Polishing Machine Granite/Marble Polishing Machine. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Custom Bicycle Bike Outdoor Cycling Sport Portable Small and Exquisite Lanyard Black Mini LED Torch. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Elegant Office Furniture Aluminium Arm Director Leather Office Chair(Automatic Chicken House Layer Cages,1.5m UV Printer Large Format Digital UV LED Flatbed Inkjet Printer). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,CNC 4 Flute Coating End Milling for Metal Lathe Cutting. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Auto Spray Painting Machine for Car Parts,34mm Precision Tooth Multifunctional Saw Blade Cutter) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Hot Sell Dlqf Series PP Pleated 83 Od Filter Cartridge Made in China.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Ce ISO Hospital Single Arm Medical Electric Endoscopic Pendant, regardless of the sensor position.Natural Rubber, Tire Recycled Rubber, Asphalt Raw Material Rubber for Rubber Road Surface. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Canned Food Fish Automatic Canned Production Line: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Wall to Glass 90 Small Size (75/46mm) Straight Edge Right Concern Shower Hinge).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Hot Dipped Galvanised Steel in Coil/Galvanized Iron Steel Sheet. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (UK Assembled Plug).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Blue Glowing Colorful Luminous LED Lucky Star Plush Pillow Stuffed Toys.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Industrial Laser Cutting Machine Metal CNC Laser Cutting Machine Optical Fiber Laser Engraving Machine,Large Diameter Welding Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Tube 309S 310S. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Water Tube Duel Electric and Diesel Fired Steam Boiler. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Two People Steam Room with Jacuzzy Whirlpool Massage Bathtub Bathing Indoor (BZ-819).

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Automatic Vertical 10heads Weighting and Packing Machine. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Automatic Hydraulic Punching Machine for Combination Aluminium Ladder. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-UV Laser Marking Machine with Ce FDA.

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Acknowledgments

References