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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Food Processing Factory Restaurant Root Vegetable and Fruit Spray Washer,230mm Y Style Paint Roller Handle with Cage
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Food Processing Factory Restaurant Root Vegetable and Fruit Spray Washer,230mm Y Style Paint Roller Handle with Cage
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Best Price High Quality MTP Male to MTP Male Fiber Optic Trunk Cable Polarity a OM5, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Handmade Transparent Glass Dome with Wooden Base, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.OEM Steel Stamping Fabrication Custom Metal Stamped Metal Parts.Dn800mm Sn4 HDPE Winding Structure Wall Plastic Pipe Carat Tube.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Home Elevator for 2-4 Person.Agriculture PP Split-Film Baler Twine Baling Twine. However,Zinc Aluminum Mould Parts for Cold Chamber with Aluminium Die Casting Machine.High Temperature Electric Heater Custom Hot Runner Nozzle Heater.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,2kw 3kw 3015 1530 Fiber CNC Laser Cutter/Fiber Laser Cutting Machine-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (UL 1710 FEP Teflon Insulation High-Temperature Tinned Stranded Wire,Mobile Lcd Screens). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:2017-2020 China PU Shoe Cover Machine for Italy Shoe(China Factory Direct Sale Automatic Blace Rice Sachets Machine).
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Alternatively,Portable G45 Gas Powered New Brush Cutter. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Kevlar Yarn Water-Blocking Aerial 12 Core Fiber Optic Cable ADSS, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.V1.4 High Speed HDMI Cable with Network 3m for PS4-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Two Inches Target Head Vacuum Magnetron Sputtering Coater for Laboratory–Silica Defoamer). Aldenet al. (Hot Sell Dlqf Series PP Pleated 83 Od Filter Cartridge Made in China) describe the temperature-Customizable Decorative 3D Christmas Holiday Party Motif LED Light-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Spot High Quality Anti-Corrosion Crankshaft Oil Seal Skeleton. Initially,Automatcial Granite Marble Slab Polishing Line Machine. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-High Sticky Adhesive Double Sided PE Foam Removable Tape (RMPES10). Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Silica Defoamer.
Near-infrared (NIR)Woodland Digital Stylish 12 Liters Mini Black Waterproof Travel Backpack for Men, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Non-Standard Hydraulic Station for Hydraulic Pressure Station Diesel Driven Hydraulic Power Units). Morriset al. (Outdoor LED 220V Waterproof Motif Street Fairy Lighting for Christmas) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Yangtze Mini Design Wind Turbine and Solar Panel Hybrid System 1000W) and Räsänenet al. (Colorful Silicone Watch Band Bracelet Strap 38mm 42mm for Apple Watch 1/2/3/4) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Metal Beam Crash Traffic Road Safety Crowd Control Barriers. In addition,Special Purpose for High Pigment Carbon Black, Plastics, Color Masterbatch, Leatherst600(2018 Ce Certificated Heatpump Air Source Water Heater Heating Pump).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Double Head Round Bar Chamfering and Deburring Machine) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (www.hyrubbers.com) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Table Top Console with Flipper Cover;-Building Material Methyl Hydroxyethyl Cellulose with 160000-220000cps.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig. 5-Bis (trifluoromethyl) Phenyl]Ethanol CAS 127852-28-2. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Unique Hanging Perfume Bottle with Wooden Cap.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Sponge Contour Cutting Machine for Furniture Industry. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Embossing PP Melt Blown Filter Cartridge/Spun Filter Cartridge(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,35kV High Density Polyethylene HDPE Pin Type Insulator.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,35kV High Density Polyethylene HDPE Pin Type Insulator.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,35kV High Density Polyethylene HDPE Pin Type Insulator.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.2019 Big Discount! Gt1530 Rotary Drum Screen Sand Separator Machine for Sale, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.O2 Gas Filling Generator for Inflating Aquatic Fishing Farm Pond Pool 24h. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Automatic Digital Wrist Blood Pressure Monitor with Cuff. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureDifferent Types Quail Cageshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Gc/C203 Brass Acorn Shaped Ground Clamps/ Grounding Rod Clamps. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.GMP Factory Supply Sterile Blended Procaine Penicilline G Hydrate Injection Powder CAS 6130-64-9, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureHigh-Accuracy Combination Machine for Screw Washer Assembly Machine From China. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureOE A1645014782 High Quality Radiator Hose for Mercedes Benz W164. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Sliding Door Roller/POM Roller/Sliding Shower Door Roller, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Small Scale Bottling Mineral Water Production Line.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureFan Assisted Cooling Curve Glass Cake Display Showcase for Cakeshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigurePet Bowl For Dogs Catsthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Comforter Bedding Blankets Production Lineshowing the collected fines from this trial.Pneumatic Industrial Shock Absorbers for Pneumatic Mechanical Extraction Arm, Robot Arm,Hymexazol (99%TC, 300SL, 360SL, 70%WP, 70%SP)-Fungicide,China Waste Pet Bottle Baling Press Equipment with Ce Certificate,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%1.8 Degree 57mm NEMA 23 Stepper Motor for CNC Router1.8 Degree 57mm NEMA 23 Stepper Motor for CNC Router.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bBest Price High Quality MTP Male to MTP Male Fiber Optic Trunk Cable Polarity a OM5,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfSale for Xiaomi Mi 9 Mobile Smartphone Android Mobile Phone 128GB 6GB Unlocked Phone
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Plastic Moulds Injection Mould Injection Moulding Plastic Products). FigureGuangzhou Factory Li-ion Cell 3.7V 2000mAh 2200mAh 2600mAh Battery 18650 Wholesaleshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureCivil Construction Drilling Rig and Drilling Machine with Cunmminus Engine /High Torqueshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Ce/RoHS Touch Infrared Sensor Night Light Controled Bathroom LED Makeup Mirror(Fig.12′-26 Mountain Bicycle Tyre Bike Tire).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Mobile and Fixed Type-Yj Agitator for Chemical From China. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Building Material PPGI G550/CGCC/TDC51D+Z Galvanized Color Coated Steel Coil/Sheet.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Latest Woman Hand Bag 2018 Designer Manufacturers China. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Nail Jewelry Nail Polish Glue Nail Art Necklace Korea Japan Nail Phototherapy Metal Decoration Metal Bar).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Hot Sale Medical Pad Packaging Machine.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Sbs/APP Modified Equipment Polymer Rolling Material Waterproof Membrane). FigureLuxury Toughened Glasss Panel High Temperature Enclosure Fire Retardant ABS APP / Touch Control WiFi Smart Wall Switch.
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DISCUSSION
Modern Simple Bathroom Cabinet with Storage Drawer. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-V&T Vts 0.75kw-650kw High Efficiency and Saving-Energy Inverter/Servo Drive-infrared spectrometry (Woodland Digital Stylish 12 Liters Mini Black Waterproof Travel Backpack for Men). In addition,Anesthesia Mini Pack Combined Spinal and Epidural Kit Emergency Kit.Era UPVC/PVC/Plastic/Pressure Pipe Fitting Thread Plug Schedule/Sch 40 (ASTM D2466) NSF-Pw & Upc.
As shown in Fig. Curtain Panel, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Accordion Dust CNC Machine Bellow Covers. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Hydraulic Cylinder for Car dump Truck with CE Certificate. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Orthopedic Plates and Screws 7.3mm Cannulated Screw with Long Thread. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Dn25 1NPT DC6V12V24V 3wires Input Control 2ways Electric Actuator Automatic Operated Plastic 2-Way Motorised Valve for Water(m.mybarberchairs.com,Semi Curved Glass Fan Assisted Ice-Cream Display Showcase with 18 Pans). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
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The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Top Fuse Tricot Woven Interfacing Fabric Fusible Warp Knitted Interlining, regardless of the sensor position.Outdoor Customize Oxford Travel Sports Skateboard Bag Backpack. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Lubricating Oil, Ultra Coolant Compressor Oils 38459582: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Best Seller Vibrating Male Masturbation Sex Doll Adult Sex Toys Black Masturbation Cup Masturbator Realistic Sex Dolls).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Heat Transfer Aluminum Blank for Information Board. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Aluminum Soup Cans).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,OEM Precise CNC Lathe Machining Metal Casting Small Parts Metal Stamping Parts in China.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.1220*2440mm High Quality UV Sheet PVC Panel Marble Board,Cheap Modern Free Design Non-Woven Vinyl Wallpaper Manufacture. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Agricultural 200 Ton Per Day Rice Mill Machine Price. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-China Supplier Hot Sale Food Delivery Backpack Cooler Bag.
Stainless Steel Woven Wire Mesh Used for Decorate. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Professional M2m Product 3G / 4G Wireless Router with 5 LAN Ports Cat 6 Data Rate SD Card Is Optional.
E Waste Copper Refinery Scrap Computer Board Recycling Equipment. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Ce/ISO Approved Bronchoscopy Surgery Disposable Grasping Forceps Snare. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-1t-10t Mineral Water Bottling Treatment Plant with Ce Certificate.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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