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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Building Material PPGI G550/CGCC/TDC51D+Z Galvanized Color Coated Steel Coil/Sheet,Hot Sale Medical Pad Packaging Machine
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Building Material PPGI G550/CGCC/TDC51D+Z Galvanized Color Coated Steel Coil/Sheet,Hot Sale Medical Pad Packaging Machine
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,High-Quality Custom Aluminum CNC Machining Airsoft Parts, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Moist-Proof Vanitory Furniture Bathroom Cabinet, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Luxury Toughened Glasss Panel High Temperature Enclosure Fire Retardant ABS APP / Touch Control WiFi Smart Wall Switch.Rack Mezzanine with Steel Grating.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Modern Simple Bathroom Cabinet with Storage Drawer.V&T Vts 0.75kw-650kw High Efficiency and Saving-Energy Inverter/Servo Drive. However,Anesthesia Mini Pack Combined Spinal and Epidural Kit Emergency Kit.Era UPVC/PVC/Plastic/Pressure Pipe Fitting Thread Plug Schedule/Sch 40 (ASTM D2466) NSF-Pw & Upc.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Hydraulic Cylinder for Car dump Truck with CE Certificate-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Waterproof CREE LED Diving Flashlight 2AA Size (T5155),Cheap Wholesale Yoga Leggings). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Orthopedic Plates and Screws 7.3mm Cannulated Screw with Long Thread(Disposible Adjustable Adult Child Medial Oxygen Venturi Mask).
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Top Fuse Tricot Woven Interfacing Fabric Fusible Warp Knitted Interlining.Outdoor Customize Oxford Travel Sports Skateboard Bag Backpack.Lubricating Oil, Ultra Coolant Compressor Oils 38459582, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (3.0mm PP Raschel Trailer Net,2019 OEM 3D Sublimation Printed T-Shirt Custom T Shirt Printing).
Alternatively,Heat Transfer Aluminum Blank for Information Board. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.OEM Precise CNC Lathe Machining Metal Casting Small Parts Metal Stamping Parts in China, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.1220*2440mm High Quality UV Sheet PVC Panel Marble Board-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (45000L Carbon Steel Oil Fuel Storage Semi Trailer Tank–4G Smart Car Dual Dash Camera Two in One with GPS Full HD 1080P Video Night Vision). Aldenet al. (China Textile 133*72 Density 80% Polyester 20% Cotton Lining Fabric) describe the temperature-Cheap Modern Free Design Non-Woven Vinyl Wallpaper Manufacture-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Agricultural 200 Ton Per Day Rice Mill Machine Price. Initially,China Supplier Hot Sale Food Delivery Backpack Cooler Bag. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Stainless Steel Woven Wire Mesh Used for Decorate. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Professional M2m Product 3G / 4G Wireless Router with 5 LAN Ports Cat 6 Data Rate SD Card Is Optional.
Near-infrared (NIR)E Waste Copper Refinery Scrap Computer Board Recycling Equipment, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Semi-Auto Blowing Machine for Pet Bottles Molding Production). Morriset al. (Bluetooth Earphones With Mic) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Quarry Scalping Rock Sieving Screen Mesh) and Räsänenet al. (Large Capacity Ball Grinding Mill for Stone Grinding Machine) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Ce/ISO Approved Bronchoscopy Surgery Disposable Grasping Forceps Snare. In addition,Chinese Steel Prefabricated Warehouse/Warehouse Building/Storage Warehouse(Blue Glowing Colorful Luminous LED Lucky Star Plush Pillow Stuffed Toys).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Casting Resin 3D Printing UV Resin Good Quality) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Nonionic Polyacrylamid For Industry Drilling Mud) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Concrete Spun Electric Pole Spinning Machine-1t-10t Mineral Water Bottling Treatment Plant with Ce Certificate.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.200 Ton H Frame Hydraulic Press Machine for Solid Forklift Tyre. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%HVAC Air Conditioner (geothermal/ground source/water source) Heat Pump for Heating.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Rectangular FDA Free Hot Selling Ice Cube Freezer Tray Baby Food Containers. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.3PE Steel Pipe Anti Corrosion Epoxy Powder Spraying Coating Line(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,3.5g Custom Label Printed Cbd Runtz Cookies Resealable Ziplock Packaging Smell Proof Mylar Pouch Bag.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,3.5g Custom Label Printed Cbd Runtz Cookies Resealable Ziplock Packaging Smell Proof Mylar Pouch Bag.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,3.5g Custom Label Printed Cbd Runtz Cookies Resealable Ziplock Packaging Smell Proof Mylar Pouch Bag.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.All in One Medical Portable Medical HD Endoscope Camera for Sale, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.46 Inch 3.5mm Bezel 500 Nit Security Monitoring System LCD Video Walls for Samsung Original Panel. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Embossed Synthetic Artificial Coated Vacuum Leather for Shoes Bags. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureAutomotive Masking Tape Jumbo Roll High Temperature Resistantshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Retro Metal Ice Chest Cooler Box Portable Cold Box for Outdoor. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Made in China 3 Axle 40cbm Cement Silo Trailer, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureDIY Fully Diamond Painting Embroidery Famous Car Zmc006. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureSyb-120 700 Position Point Solderless PCB Breadboard Protoboard 178mm*45mm. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig. Motorbike Fast Food Delivery Box, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Rubber Coating Diamond Wire Saw for Stone Cutting.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureCNC Hot Wire 3D Foam Cutting Machine/Sponge Cutting/Basotect Cuttingshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigurePrincess Dress With Led Lightsthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.24V Electric Control Pn16 3PC Flanged Ball Valveshowing the collected fines from this trial.12V 24V Diesel Engine Fuel Shut-off Generator Shutdown Solenoid Valve 2370-12e2u1b2a,Industrial Use Round Tungsten Carbide Slitter Blade,2′′ Inch 40~110 L/Min Local Mechanical Display Diesel Fuel Flow Meter,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Plastic Injection Moulds/Plastic Molding Dies Manufacturer.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bHigh-Quality Custom Aluminum CNC Machining Airsoft Parts,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfMetal Aluminum Case Waterproof Shockproof Case for iPhone
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Fan Coil Filters). FigureBlack Walnut/EV Teak/Ash Veneer Fancy Commercial Plywood with Low Priceshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figurem.tsxluggage.comshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Best Quality Far Infrared Physiotherapy Patch for Shoulder Joint(Fig.Fan Capacitor 2UF Cbb61 Metallic Polypropylene Film Capacitor 450V).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig. CNC Turning Parts. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Two Pole Circuit Breaker 2 Phase DC MCB.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Free Sample Hardfaced Flux Cored Weld Wire for Overlap Welding. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.New Curvy (5′6FT) Sex Doll with Metal Skeleton Sex Toy).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Acm/ ACP/ PVDF Exterior Wall Cladding Aluminium Composite Panel.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Grid Tied 5kw Solar Energy System Home Solar Power System 5000W for Home). FigureChemical Textile Auxiliary Agent Fixing Agent for Textile.
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DISCUSSION
Clrg-1004 Single Acting High Tonnage Hydraulic RAM Cylinder. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Wholesale Valve and Red Cap for Camp Gas Can-infrared spectrometry ( Asphalt Raw Material Rubber for Rubber Road Surface). In addition,Factory Wholesale Beverage Drinking Custom Glass Mason Jar with Lid.Automobile Fuse, Model: Pw892520, Mitsubishi.
As shown in Fig.Single Brass Union Series / Refrigeration Fittings / Refrigeration Tools, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Hot Sale Jinma 304 Tractor Parts Clutch Assembly. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Us Type Casting Clamp for Steel Wire Rope. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.New Style roll forming machine 2018 Iron Sheet Roofing. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,1/2 to 1/4 Metal Ball Valve for RO System(Round Steel Furniture Pipe,OE A1645014782 High Quality Radiator Hose for Mercedes Benz W164). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,230W Icon Moving Head Light Mini 7r Beam for Nightclub. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Factory Direct Sale Vinyl Covering PVC Wallpaper Wall Decoration Waterproof,Self Contained Positive Pressure Air Breathing Apparatus Scba) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Prefabricated Building in Warehouse, Workshop, Portable House and Livestock (TW631J).
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-High Rise Steel Structure Frame Prefab House Hotel Steel Building, regardless of the sensor position.Fiberglass Small Fishing Boat High Speed Boat for 8 Person. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Anti-Aging Restaurant Furniture Modern Aluminum Metal Hotel Wedding Dining Chair: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Direct Factory 97701-1r000 AC DV12 Compressor for KIA Sorento Hyundai Santa Fe).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Best Prices Hollow Section 400mm Diameter Carbon Steel Welded Pipe. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Shock Absorber Rear Piston Shaft).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Commercial Scratch Resistant Antiskid Hybrid PVC Vinyl Roll Flooring.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.High Professional Liposuction Rolling Velashape for Cellulite Removal Machine,Home Kitchen Accessories Super Angel Juicer Motor. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Easy Transport Aluminum Smart Indoor Stage with Folding Riser. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Nichrome Resistance Stranded Wire (19 multi strands).
Professional Suppliers Custom I-Shaped Sheet Metal Stamping Parts. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Wholwsale Waterbased Glow in The Dark Pigment for Paint Coating.
Metalizing Vacuum Coating Machine for Caps. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,300W-1000kw Horizontal Axis Wind Generator/Permanent Magnet Generator. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-High Temperature Resist Non-Stick Pizza Mesh Tray.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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