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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Solid Surface 450mm High Small Sexangle Side Table,2.5ton/3.0ton/Hydraulic Trolley
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Solid Surface 450mm High Small Sexangle Side Table,2.5ton/3.0ton/Hydraulic Trolley
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Modern Tufted Restaurant Booth Seating with Button (HD661), and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Standard Low Pressure Emulsion Electric Grease Oil Transfer Pump, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Fashion Top Sale Women Fashion Shopping Bag with Pouch Small Handbag.Hard-Anodized Aluminum Custom Spare Parts for CNC Machining.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Large Half Dome Tent Steel Frame Sphere Factory for Sale.New Free Design Inflatable Stand up Paddle Board Isup Surfboard. However,2019 New High Battery Capacity Tester Constant Power Current Battery Capacity Discharge Tester.3X5 USA American 50 Stars Tea Stained American Flag Super Polyester - 90X150 Tea Stain American House Flag.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Hot Sales Interlocking Fitness Gym Rubber Floor Tiles-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Double Acting Heavy Industry of Hydraulic Piston,fupitc.com). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Cheap Melamine Chipboard Particle Board for Cabinet Door(CAS84-66-2 Diethyl Phthalate (DEP) Manufactuerf Solvent Lubricant Deodorant).
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1000W Raycus Fiber Laser Welding Portable Machine.Fire Resistance Valve, Hose & Pipe Test Machine, ISO 10497 (FTech-ISO19922).Steel Grating Panel with Large Ventilation Rate, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Steel Grating Panel with Large Ventilation Rate,China Toilet Cleaner Brush).
Alternatively,Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) for Food Produce. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Customized Doube Stainless Steel Handmade Apron Kitchen Sink, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Economical Custom Design PU Leather Custom Mats-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (19mm 100% Mulberry Silk Fitted Sheet 4PCS Bedding Set Oeko-Tex100–China Manufacturer Durable New Style PE Plastic Anchor). Aldenet al. (Automatic Industrial PVC Film Die Cutting Machine for Post Printing Process) describe the temperature-Acoustic Plywood Panels Wall for Sports Hall Decoration Material-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-CNC Machine aluminum Parts, CNC Turning Parts, CNC Machining Parts. Initially,Wholesale China Manufacturer 600L-10000L PVC Tarpaulin Pillow Collapsible Bladder Water Tank. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-KIA Pride Clutch Seal for Auto Parts Hok Brand. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Industrial 200kw Wood Pellet Burner.
Near-infrared (NIR)Modern Style Armless Dining Room Chair for Living Room, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Hardest Core Medium-Speed Paper Cup Forming machine). Morriset al. (Flour Tortilla Maker Machine For Home) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (2019 New Arivals Christmas Gift) and Räsänenet al. (Auto Parts Engine Car Accessory Bkr6egp Spark Plugs) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Electric Magnetic Stirrer Heat Transfer Mantle. In addition,Round Tin Cans for Cookies Biscuits(Fashion Designer PU Shoulder School Backpack Bag Women).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Playground Flooring Suspension Floor for Kindergarten Basketball Court) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (8oz Amber Glass Cream Jar) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Double UPVC WPC PVC Plastic Pipe Making Extrusion Line-Innovative Design Aluminum Film Metallized Non Woven Fabric.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.3D Pellet Snack Food Making Machine on Hot Sale. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Cwe-65 1500W pH65/0810 Hammer Drill Demolition Hammer.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Interpump Kit 109 Rubber Water Seal and Gasket. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Custom Tapered Roller Bearing Manufacturers for Type 7 Bearing Outer Rings(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Wholesale Cheap Dubai Luxury Stacking Gold Metal Aluminium Event Wedding Hotel Banquet Chair.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Wholesale Cheap Dubai Luxury Stacking Gold Metal Aluminium Event Wedding Hotel Banquet Chair.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Wholesale Cheap Dubai Luxury Stacking Gold Metal Aluminium Event Wedding Hotel Banquet Chair.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.High Quality Plastic Additive Antioxidant 1010 CAS 6683-19-8, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Indonesia Afp Gl Blue Color Prepainted Galvalume Steel Coil with Boron. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Small High Pressure Lab Reactor Autoclave. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureGood Quality Tooth Extracting Forceps Dental Forceps with CEshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,2019 Hot VIP Bus Passenger Seat with 2 by 1. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Wholesale Custom Blank Metal Magnetic Cap Clip Magnet Accessories Belt Poker Chip Stamp Rhinestone Bottle Opener Smiley Face Golf Ball Marker for Sale (41), based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureOEM Customized Fabrication Anodized Mild Steel CNC Machining Car Parts. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureLiya Deep Sea Fishing Boats 20HP-115HP Fishing Japan Fiberglass Panga Boat. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Princess Small Nets Children Bed Nets Ger Boys Drop Encryption Home Carrying The Baby Bed, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Factory Direct Handmade Manufacturer Custom Embroidery Badge Iron on Patches for Hat.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureProfessional Waterproof IP66 600W Sports Ground LED Football Field Lightingshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureElevator Safety Parts Elevator Oil Buffer Outside Spring Oil Bufferthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Beauty Cellulite Reducing Cavitation Machine Fg660L-002 ADSS Gruposhowing the collected fines from this trial.High Quality Standard Car Paint Booth with Electric Heating,Black/Galvanised Malleable Cast Iron Plain/Banded/Beaded Reducing/Equal Tee,China Supplier Aluminium Profile 4 Axis Copy Router Machine,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Consumer Electronics PCB Assembly PCBA.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bModern Tufted Restaurant Booth Seating with Button (HD661),cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfSplitstar Fast Breaking Expansive Agent Splitting Powder
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Customized Metal Parts Stamping). FigureCustom My Own Photo Design Tshirt Customized Logo Cotton T-Shirts Printing Plain Casual Tee Shirt for Menshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureCNC Turning Products/ CNC Service / Metal Lathe / CNC Part Price / OEM Machining / Precision Auto Part /CNC Machining Part/CNC Precision Machining Partshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.for Cutting PVC of Circular Saw Blade(Fig.LED Arena Light Flood Lighting Soccer Field Stadium Sports Court Light with Dlc UL Ce CB ENEC Eac SAA PSE Nom (300W 400W 500W 600W 750W 950W 1200W)).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Kampa China Supplier LC1-D032 AC Magnetic Contactor. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Amusement Mushroom Water Spray Water Park Equipment for Sale.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Stainless Steel Manual Stuffing Vacuum Hot Dog Sausage Filler. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Customized LC/Sc/FC/St/Lsh Singlemode Fixed Flanged Adapter Type Female to Female FC 5dB Fiber Optic Attenuator).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.St Fiber Optic Standard Adapter Optical Test Equipment.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.2017-2020 China PU Shoe Cover Machine for Italy Shoe). FigureSBW Voltage Stabilizer (120kVA, 150kVA, 180kVA, 200kVA).
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DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig.Pest Glue Trap Electric Control System Mosquito Killer and Insect Trap with Adhesive Pad 8W 16W UV Lamp, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Sleek and Slim Men′s Trifold Wallet with ID Window. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Bitzer Series Refrigeration Condensing Unit for Cold Room in China. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Irregular Custom Sheet Metal Stamping Dies. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Polished 904L Decoration Stainless Steel Sheet by Cold Rolled(Pcb Smt Services,Wholesales Indoor LED Lighting COB Recessed Aluminum 6W IP44 Down Light). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Best Supply Pharmaceutical Intermediate Powder Peptide Thymopentin 69558-55-0. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (100W LED Outdoor Solar Street Light Price List,100% Egyptian Cotton Jacquard White Hotel Bedding Sets (DPFB80107)) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Recycle Wholesale Toilet Paper Toilet Tissue.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Stainless Steel Heat Presevation 500ml Coffee Cup with Lid and Straw, regardless of the sensor position.16 Oz Pint Glass / Mixing Glass for Water or Soft Drinks. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Wholesale Colorful Marble Candle Jar with Copper Lid: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Solid Surface 450mm High Small Sexangle Side Table).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Customize Ad-152 Clear Advertising Acrylic POS Display. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Biasilo Handling System).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,High Quality Stereo Wired Earphone for Sony Mh750.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Natural Gas Generator Set 500kw 600kVA Generator Price Cummins Engine Gas Generator Power,200 LED 66FT Decorative Fairy String Lights with Power Supply Adapter. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Luxury Classic TV Cabinet TV Stand for TV up to 78 Inches. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-New Design Fireplace Wood Holder.
Reusable Brake Brass Hydraulic Hose Fitting for Tap. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.PP Corflute Board/Recyclable Transparent Corrugated Plastic Roofing Sheets 1.5mm 2.5mm 4mm.
Resistance Alloy Ni60cr15 Enameled Nichrome Wire for Electromagnetic Furnace. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Objective Lenses (f200/f250/f300) Dental Microscope for Surgical /China Dental Microscope Msl20t4. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Electronic Interlock Pass Box for Lab Equipment.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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