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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,OEM Customized Fabrication Anodized Mild Steel CNC Machining Car Parts,Liya Deep Sea Fishing Boats 20HP-115HP Fishing Japan Fiberglass Panga Boat
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,OEM Customized Fabrication Anodized Mild Steel CNC Machining Car Parts,Liya Deep Sea Fishing Boats 20HP-115HP Fishing Japan Fiberglass Panga Boat
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Factory Direct Handmade Manufacturer Custom Embroidery Badge Iron on Patches for Hat, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,High Quality Standard Car Paint Booth with Electric Heating, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Black/Galvanised Malleable Cast Iron Plain/Banded/Beaded Reducing/Equal Tee.China Supplier Aluminium Profile 4 Axis Copy Router Machine.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Consumer Electronics PCB Assembly PCBA.Splitstar Fast Breaking Expansive Agent Splitting Powder. However,for Cutting PVC of Circular Saw Blade.Amusement Mushroom Water Spray Water Park Equipment for Sale.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Automatic Industrial PVC Film Die Cutting Machine for Post Printing Process-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Beautiful Design Large Size Round European Quartz Wall Clock,Camera Waterproof Case For Nikon Canon). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Das Type 5 PCS Kit Hydraulic Compact Seal(China Factory Direct Sale Foam 3D PVC Wallpaper).
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220kw/275kVA Standby Diesel Generator (NTA855-G1A) (GDC275*S).Porcelain Station Post Insulators for Transmission and Substation.Sleek and Slim Men′s Trifold Wallet with ID Window, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (11kv Class 3500kVA Three-Phase Two-Winding Oil-Immersed Power Transformer,Electronic Manufacturing Pcb Assembly Shenzhen).
Alternatively,Bitzer Series Refrigeration Condensing Unit for Cold Room in China. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Irregular Custom Sheet Metal Stamping Dies, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Paracetamol Tablet Oral Preparation GMP Manufacturer-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (CNC Horizontal Milling Horizontal CNC Drilling Milling and Tapping Machine for Angle Valve Machining–00.785.0533 Kvt4 Circuit Board Plus 00.785.0357 Uvm4 Electronic Board). Aldenet al. (2019 USA Best Selling Kingtons Disposable Vape Pen E Cigarette) describe the temperature-Polished 904L Decoration Stainless Steel Sheet by Cold Rolled-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Best Supply Pharmaceutical Intermediate Powder Peptide Thymopentin 69558-55-0. Initially,Recycle Wholesale Toilet Paper Toilet Tissue. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Stainless Steel Heat Presevation 500ml Coffee Cup with Lid and Straw. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-16 Oz Pint Glass / Mixing Glass for Water or Soft Drinks.
Near-infrared (NIR)Wholesale Colorful Marble Candle Jar with Copper Lid, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (American Style Disposable Round Black PP Plastic Food Box with Clear Lid). Morriset al. (Fiberglass Heat Insulation Aluminum Foil Tape Construction Material) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Colorful Outdoor Camping Sport Large Capacity Tritan Plastic Shaker Water Bottles) and Räsänenet al. (15g Empty Eyeshadow Case Friendly Hard Compact Powder Packaging) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Customize Ad-152 Clear Advertising Acrylic POS Display. In addition,High Quality Stereo Wired Earphone for Sony Mh750(Hot Press Sintered Turbo-Mesh Blade Diamond Saw Blade for Granite Tile Porcelain Glass Cutting Disc).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Three Phase Hoist Driving Device Electric Motor) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Nutrition 4 Sport) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Natural Gas Generator Set 500kw 600kVA Generator Price Cummins Engine Gas Generator Power-200 LED 66FT Decorative Fairy String Lights with Power Supply Adapter.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.90ml Modern Clear Glass Perfume Botle Cosmetic Packing Bottle. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Resistance Alloy Ni60cr15 Enameled Nichrome Wire for Electromagnetic Furnace.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Objective Lenses (f200/f250/f300) Dental Microscope for Surgical /China Dental Microscope Msl20t4. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Small AC Fan Industrial Type Blower Exhaust Fan(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Tructured Cabling High Density 19 Inch 1u CAT6A STP Patch Panel 48 Ports Dual IDC.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Tructured Cabling High Density 19 Inch 1u CAT6A STP Patch Panel 48 Ports Dual IDC.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Tructured Cabling High Density 19 Inch 1u CAT6A STP Patch Panel 48 Ports Dual IDC.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Electronic Interlock Pass Box for Lab Equipment, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.FRP Pultrusion Pipe Mould. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Carbide Wire Drawing Dies/Tungsten Carbide Cold Heading Dies. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureChinese Canned Sardine Price (6-8PCS/KG)shows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Diesel Mini Tiller, Cultivator. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Playground Flooring Suspension Floor for Kindergarten Basketball Court, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
Figure21.5 Inch Capacitive Touch Screens for Touch Kiosk Monitors. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureChildren Day Backpack Customized Primary School Bags. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Full Automatic Spices Rotary Packing Machine, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.A1 A2 A3 Direct DTG Printer T-Shirt Printing Machine.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureTungsten Carbide Corner Radius 55HRC End Millshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureIndustry Perlitethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.PVC Pipe Furniture Grade Schedule 40 8 in 10 FT. Length PVC Piping List PVC Pipe Class 125 150 Custom Size PVC Pipingshowing the collected fines from this trial.Hot Products Aluminum Custom Casting and Forging Parts,7 Inch Quad Screen IP69K Waterproof Rearview Camera System for Combine Vision Security,Cast or Forged Stainless Steel Lubricated & Sleeve Plug Valve,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%2, Tr Mini Flap Disc with Vsm Ceramic Grain.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bFactory Direct Handmade Manufacturer Custom Embroidery Badge Iron on Patches for Hat,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfIndustrial RO Reverse Osmosis Water Treatment System/ Water Purifying Equipment
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Hot Sales Interlocking Fitness Gym Rubber Floor Tiles). FigureCustom Steel Container House Fabrication Modular Home Export to Nigeriashows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureCover Car Mat Cutting Machineshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Kids Headphones Washable Fleece Headphones for Children Travel(Fig.OEM Foundry Parts Water Glass Sand Casting Excavator Parts).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.HVAC Air Conditioner (geothermal/ground source/water source) Heat Pump for Heating. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:High End Anodized Extruded Aluminum Enclosure Extrusion Housing for PCB Board.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.High Quality Plastic Additive Antioxidant 1010 CAS 6683-19-8. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Cjtouch 21.5 Waterproof Infrared IR Touch Screen Overlay).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Creative Mini Portable Polar Bear Shape Mute Desktop Air Humidifier.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.IP65 Outdoor SMD P10 Full Color Advertising LED Billboard). FigureG-800A/800b/1080A Automatic Box Window Film Sticking Machine.
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DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig.Good Quality Lift Door Slider, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.DIN916 Hexagonal Screw to Stopw with Yellow Black. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Chinese Canned Sardine Price (6-8PCS/KG). A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Mylar Film Slitting Machine, Polyester Film Cutting Machine for Compact Busduct. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Ubs Charging GPS102b for Personal Tracking, Vehicle Tracking. Asset Tracking(Biology Thickening Agent Hec Polymer,Living Room Furniture Acrylic Coffee Table). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,PMMA LGP 120lm 40W Indoor Ceiling LED Panel Light. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Hot Dipped Galvanized 2.5mm Cut Tie Wire & Binding Wire,Prefabricated Building in Warehouse) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Custom Printed Candy Mint Tea Tin Can Metal Tin Box.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Customized Professional Dustless Automatic Turntable Pipe Abrasive Sand Blast Machines, regardless of the sensor position.Ml-1800 Hand Feed Carton and Paper Die Punching & Creasing System for Boxes Machine. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Custom Galvanized Hexagonal Carbon Steel Screw: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Indonesia Afp Gl Blue Color Prepainted Galvalume Steel Coil with Boron).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Witson Quad-Core Android 9.0 Car DVD GPS for Mazda 3 2010-2011 Bluetooth OBD2 Connection. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Composite Laminated Scrims Mesh Fabric Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Pet Accessories Pet Collar Triangular Bandage Small Pet Neck Collar.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Best Price Bamboo Fiber Fork and Spoon for Hotel,Garden Four Seasons God Marble Statues for Sale. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Rubber Dic Return Roller. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Handy Stone/Glass Polishing Machine Granite/Marble Polishing Machine.
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Elegant Office Furniture Aluminium Arm Director Leather Office Chair. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,CNC 4 Flute Coating End Milling for Metal Lathe Cutting. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Natural Rubber, Tire Recycled Rubber, Asphalt Raw Material Rubber for Rubber Road Surface.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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