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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Ce ISO Hospital Single Arm Medical Electric Endoscopic Pendant,Natural Rubber, Tire Recycled Rubber, Asphalt Raw Material Rubber for Rubber Road Surface
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Ce ISO Hospital Single Arm Medical Electric Endoscopic Pendant,Natural Rubber, Tire Recycled Rubber, Asphalt Raw Material Rubber for Rubber Road Surface
Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Canned Food Fish Automatic Canned Production Line, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Hot Dipped Galvanised Steel in Coil/Galvanized Iron Steel Sheet, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Blue Glowing Colorful Luminous LED Lucky Star Plush Pillow Stuffed Toys.Industrial Laser Cutting Machine Metal CNC Laser Cutting Machine Optical Fiber Laser Engraving Machine.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Large Diameter Welding Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Tube 309S 310S.Water Tube Duel Electric and Diesel Fired Steam Boiler. However,Two People Steam Room with Jacuzzy Whirlpool Massage Bathtub Bathing Indoor (BZ-819).World Flag Mini Car Flags.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Automatic Vertical 10heads Weighting and Packing Machine-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (059 Factory Bimetal Thermometer,One Hole Straps for IMC/Rigid Conduit IMC Conduit Clip). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Automatic Hydraulic Punching Machine for Combination Aluminium Ladder(Wholesale 2 Gallon Metal Bucket with Lid).
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Stainless Steel Screw/ Chipboard Screw.Portable Shelving Luggage Insert Rise Gear Organizers Travel Bag.Progressive Stamping Tool for Motor Rotor Stator, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (2bmf Series Seeder,Slim Box Kitchen Drawer System 86mm).
Alternatively,Ceiling and Wall aluminium frame gypsum board drywall access pane. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Metal Mechanical Processing Machining Lathe Turning CNC Part, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Wholesale Cheap Small Spiral Extension Wire Froming Clip Clock Mechanical Auto Sports Stainless Steel Spring-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Industrial Pipe Shredding Machine for Tube Recycle–Customized Logo Student Bag Nylon Outdoor Leisure Sports Bag Waterproof Backpack (GB#506)). Aldenet al. (Ductile Iron Grooved Fitting Grooved Elbow) describe the temperature-Photoelectric Sensor Standalone Residential Fire Detector Smoke Alarms-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Oilfield Casing Pipes/Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe/Oil Well Drilling Tubing Pipe. Initially,100 Yards Hair Removal Non-Woven Paper Waxing Roll. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-ISO 13485 Medical Disposable ECG Clamp Electrode. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-China Factory High Security Europe Cylinder Door Lock.
Near-infrared (NIR)for Liebherr 256hc Fixing Angle with Tower Crane Fixed Chassis, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Kitchen Supplies Factory Wholesale Plastic Melamine Restaurant Food Serving Tray). Morriset al. (8 Resistance Magnetic Folding X Exercise Bike) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Leaming Code EV 1527 Universal DC12 V Remote Control Switch Kl-Clkz02b) and Räsänenet al. (Ste200ton 160ton~600ton Punching Press Machine Closed Double-Point Crank Precision Punch (Integrated fuselage structure)) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Focusun Brine Water Block Ice Machine with Container3 Tons. In addition,Galvanized Corrugated Steel Sheet Roofing Metal Sheet for Steel Structure(Baking Machine/ Bakery 5 Trays Electric Heating Convection Bread Pizza Baking Oven).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Electricity Strain Composite Silicone Suspension Rod Insulator) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Psa Medical Industrial Oxygen Gas Generator) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Top Quality Lactose CAS 63-42-3 with Factory Price-4 in 1 Cryolipolysis Machine Fat Freezing Body Slimming Machine.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Color Painted Aluminium Coil for Car License Plate. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%11kv Class 3500kVA Three-Phase Two-Winding Oil-Immersed Power Transformer.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Natural Isoliquiritigenin Licorice Roots Extract. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Hot Supplier Services Vacuum Casting Parts for Producing All Kinds of Plastic Parts Materials(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Heat Insulation IXPE Foam XPE Foam Material.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Heat Insulation IXPE Foam XPE Foam Material.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Heat Insulation IXPE Foam XPE Foam Material.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.CNC Professional High Speed Precision Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Ipg Laser Source for Carbon/Stainless/Aluminum, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.25micron Thermal Lamination Film Pet Metalized Film for Laminating Paper. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Large Round Shape Cookie Popcorn Handle Tin Bucket with Lid, Ice Tin Box. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureHigh Quality Standard Car Paint Booth with Electric Heatingshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Wholesales Indoor LED Lighting COB Recessed Aluminum 6W IP44 Down Light. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Wholesale Water Resistant Quartz a Set Bracelet Alloy Watch (cm19006), based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
FigureOEM/ODM Factory JIS-10K Cast Iron Ball Valve. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Figure200 Ton H Frame Hydraulic Press Machine for Solid Forklift Tyre. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
As shown in Fig.Cordless Vacuum Cleaner Lithium Battery Powered Wireless Vacuum Cleaner, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Stainless Steel Strip Coil Ultra-Thin Foil Thickness 0.005mm Min.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureAutomatic Vertical 10heads Weighting and Packing Machineshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureLarge Diameter RF Card Prepaid Water Meterthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Wholesale Water Resistant Quartz a Set Bracelet Alloy Watch (cm19006)showing the collected fines from this trial.Cjtouch 21.5 Waterproof Infrared IR Touch Screen Overlay,DJ Lighting LED Dance Floor for Wedding Event,65ml Square Glass Jar with Lug Cap for Food Packing,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Outdoor Horse Rubber Paver Mats.
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.12mm Environmental Wear-Resisting Laminated Flooring). Figure2019 New High Battery Capacity Tester Constant Power Current Battery Capacity Discharge Testershows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureIndustrial Electric Heating Element Flange Tubular Immersion Water Heatershows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Different Lenght and Different Width Acrylic BOPP Packaging Tape(Fig.Wireless Wall Switch for Roller Blinds).
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig. Mining and Mineral Ball Mill Grinding Media. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:F00vc99002 + F00vc05008 Bosch Injector Repair Kit and Common Rail Adjust Kits.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Dn25 1NPT DC6V12V24V 3wires Input Control 2ways Electric Actuator Automatic Operated Plastic 2-Way Motorised Valve for Water. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.UV Laser Marking Machine with Ce FDA).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.MDF 100W Sheet Acrylic Laser Engraving Cutting Machine.
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The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig. ALUMINUM GAS VALVE). FigureNew Arrival Products Waterproof Automatic Device Production Automobile Car Relay.
DISCUSSION
Glass Class Silica Sand Washing Plant for Sale. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-White Lacquer MFC Modular Kitchen Units in Guangzhou-infrared spectrometry (Automatic Plastic Cup Counting Packaging Machine). In addition,Ductile Iron Grooved Fitting Grooved Elbow.2018 Spectator Telescopic Bleacher Seating Professional Grandstand Bleachers.
As shown in Fig.PVC Frontlit Flex Banner (LFG55/440), the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Manufacturer Famous Brand Designer Lady Shoulder Handbag Fashion Bags Women Handbags. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Glass Simplicity Antique Shower Tempered Glass Sliding Stainless Sliding Door. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Ce Hho 6.0 High Pressure Car Cleaning Machine. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Beauty Cellulite Reducing Cavitation Machine Fg660L-002 ADSS Grupo(Wood Door Making Machine with Factory Sale,Kitchen Stainless Steel Potato Chipper Potato Cutter for French Fry). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
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The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-40.5kv Truck Type Indoor Hv Vacuum Circuit Breaker/ 33kv Vcb, regardless of the sensor position.Human Virgin Hair Extension Hair Bundle with Silky Straight. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Modern LED Clip Desk Lamp: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Wholesale Low Profile Flat Embroidery 6 Panel Baseball Cap).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.New Design Prefabricated Steel Workshop Design with Ce Certificate. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Ppgi Color Coated Sheets).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,FTTH 16 Core Outdoor Terminal Box Fiber Optic Distribution Box.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.TBR Customized Electrical Heating Glass Tempering Machine for Building Glass Architectural Glass Structural Glass,New 2019 Ce Certification Gantry Type Metal Laser Cutting Machine. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Jh25 Double Crank Power Press with Nc Feeder 250 Ton for Sale. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Double Acting Heavy Industry of Hydraulic Piston.
Kitchen Stainless Steel Potato Chipper Potato Cutter for French Fry. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.IGBT Medium Frequency Electric Induction Heating Forge Furnace.
High Frequency Welding Melting Induction Heater/ Heating Machine. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Hot Dipped Galvanized Round Steel Pipe / Gi Pipe Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Galvanised Tube for Construction. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Mdst Modular Kit for Steel Wall Mount Box.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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